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Tag Archives: Second Amendment

The Text of the 2nd Amendment …

05 Tuesday Jul 2022

Posted by michelinewalker in Gun Control, United States

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

Fourth of July, Highland Park, Second Amendment, Security

The Text of the 2nd Amendment

—ooo—

How dreadful! On 4 July 2022, innocent Americans were the victims of a gunman whose weapon was purchased legally. I suspect that the gunman was going through a crisis, but he had a gun, and he lives in what could be described as a “gun culture.”

Groups such as the National Rifle Association lobby the government to secure the “right” to buy and carry firearms. Under particular administrations, they succeed. The 2nd Amendment does not justify using a gun because the United States has “[a] well-regulated militia “that ensures the “security of a free state.” Security is the operative word. One may protect oneself, but how and to what extent? Given constant deadly shootings, guns do not save anyone.

“A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”   

Should guns be banned in bars and hospitals? Supreme Court decision could spur new 2nd Amendment fight (msn.com)

I would like to extend my sincere condolences to the families and friends of the victims of the Highland Park shooting.

RELATED ARTICLE

The Second Amendment to the American Constitution: a Misunderstanding (27 May 2022)

—ooo—

Love to everyone 💕

Claude Debussy‘s Clair de lune par Philippe Cassard
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© Micheline Walker
5 July 2022
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The National Rifle Association: Comments

11 Tuesday Jun 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Music, Sharing, United States

≈ 13 Comments

Tags

Americans, Boccherini, Francisco Goya, Madrid, Musica Notturna Delle Strade Di Madrid, National Rifle Association, NRA, Second Amendment, Stefania, United States

Executions of the Third of May, by Francisco Goya, 1814

Executions of the Third of May, by Francisco Goya, 1814

Il sueño de la razón produce monstruos, by Francisco Goya

El Sueño de la razón produce monstruos, by Francisco Goya

 
 

Self-entitlement

Allow me a few more comments on “entitlement” or “self-entitlement,” a state of mind that currently numbs reason among members of the National Rifle Association.  As I have written before, the spirit of the Second Amendment is to protect the American people, which it no longer does despite the presence of a “well regulated [sic] militia.”  Consequently, by virtue of the Second Amendment itself, one cannot allow the bearing of firearms by civilians as it now endangers “the security of a free state.”  Matters have turned around and the law should reflect current needs.

El Tres de mayo 1808 
Francisco Goya (30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828)
Museo del Prado (Madrid)
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (second image)
Photo credit for both images: Wikipedia
 

Entitlement or Self-Entitlement

“A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”  (The Second Amendment)

Citizens all over the world are entitled to safety.  In other words, they have “rights.”  However, entitlement, when carried too far, may and does stand in the way of reason.  In fact, at a certain point, self-entitlement constitutes a mental disorder.  Let me quote Wikipedia again:

“In clinical psychology and psychiatry, an unrealistic, exaggerated, or rigidly held sense of entitlement may be considered a symptom of narcissistic personality disorder, seen in those who ‘because of early frustrations…  arrogate to themselves the right to demand lifelong reimbursement from fate.'” (Entitlement)

The initial purpose of the Second Amendment was to ensure “the security of a free state,” the “free state” lacking a “well regulated militia.”  If members of the National Rifle Association cannot see that the United States now possesses “a well regulated militia,” i.e. the necessary law-enforcement agencies, and that the bearing of arms currently threatens “the security of a free state,” they and their supporters have lost the ability to use “reason” and imperil “the security of a free state.”  Thousands of Americans die from gun violence every year, including children, thereby making it obvious that people who bear arms threaten the safety of a “free state.”  If Americans did not bear arms, no American could shoot another American and potential killers could not purchase the powerful firearms that enable them to shoot innocent schoolchildren.

The Social Contract

Interestingly, by threatening “the security of a free state,” the NRA also threatens the Social contract and, therefore, the very concept of nationhood.  The purpose of nationhood is safety.  In its entirety, the United States Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) and adopted by the Second Continental Congress, reads as follows:

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness…”

There may be flaws in the United States Declaration of Independence, but it would be my conviction that “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,” are “unalienable Rights.”  Consequently, members of the National Rifle Association are at odds with the United States Declaration of Independence.  Because of guns, lives are lost.  If I were a parent living in the United States, I would fear letting my children attend school.  Moreover, those parents who have lost children to a gunman, the parents of Newtown, grieve profoundly and will probably do so until they reach the end of their own journey on earth.

In short, given that they live in defiance of the Social contract, members of the National Rifle Association cannot be considered fully fledged citizens, no more than the rich people who deposit their money in offshore accounts.  Such people also threaten the concept of nationhood.  In fact, it could well be that Americans who once owned slaves and now refuse to pay their fair share of taxes feel they are entitled to a measure of compensation for a “right” they have lost.  Yet, slavery is not consistent with the declaration of independence which holds as “truths” that “Life, Liberty [my bold letters] and the pursuit of Happiness” are “unalienable Rights.”  Slavery was an aberration.

A Quotation from the Boston Globe

May I quote the first paragraph of an article by Boston Globe columnist Jeff Jacoby entitled: ‘All men are created equal’ is not hypocrisy but vision and published on 4 July 2010 (please click on the title to read the entire article).

‘HOW IS it,’’ the great English man of letters Samuel Johnson [my link] taunted Americans 235 years ago, “that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of Negroes?’’ His fellow Englishman Thomas Day [my link] remarked in 1776 with equal scorn: “If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature it is an American patriot signing resolutions of independency with the one hand and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves.’’

The Spirit and the Letter of the Second Amendment

We owe Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), a political thinker, as were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the useful distinction between the spirit and the letter of the law.  Within bounds, the letter of the law does not always reflect faithfully the spirit of the law.  Yet, the letter of the law cannot contradict the spirit of the law in its totality.  That would be a mockery of justice.

In my opinion, worded in full, the Second Amendment should state that “a well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, [in the absence of a well regulated militia] the [current] right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.  That would be its spirit.  Statements need not always be worded in full because parts are inferred (see inference) and, therefore, understood.

There is currently in the United States a well-regulated militia.

Conclusion

I will conclude by writing that certain goals remain, such goals as “the security of a free state.”  However, the means can change.  Before the invention of airplanes, a New Yorker’s goal may have been to go to Paris, but his means of getting there was to board a trans-Atlantic or Ocean liner.

Similarly, a former means of ensuring the safety of citizens, the use of firearms by civilians, has changed.  Given that the United States now has “a well regulated militia” and because the former right to bear arms currently threatens the “security of a free state,” bearing arms should be controlled to the fullest extent.  At the moment, the goal, i.e. the “security of a free state,” or its safety, has rendered null and void the former “right” to “bear arms,” firearms threatening the “security of a free state.”  The means, bearing arms, must therefore be changed, and, as I wrote above, it must be changed by virtue of the Second Amendment itself: “the security of a free state.”

* * *

Luigi Boccherini (February 19, 1743 – May 28, 1805)
“Quintetto In Do Maggiore La Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid Op. 30, No. 6 (G. 324): Il Rosario – Largo Assai – Allegro – Largo Come Prima”
Rolf Lislevand, Le Concert des Nations, Jordi Savall 

(My dear colleague Stefania has used this piece of music.  Allow me to praise her excellent taste.)

The painting is by Francisco Goya and is entitled: “Dance of the Majos at the Banks of Manzanares.”  (Photo credit: Goya, The Complete Works).  
 
 
 
Prado_-_Los_Desastres_de_la_Guerra_-_No._15_-_Y_no_hai_remedioLos Desastres de la guerra. Y no hai remedio
(The Disasters of War. And there is no remedy),
by Francisco Goya, Museo del Prado
Photo credit: Wikipedia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Micheline Walker©
June 11, 2013
WordPress
 
Related articles
  • Natural vs Civil Law (pwhlee.wordpress.com)
  • The Social Contract: Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau (michelinewalker.com)
  • The National Rifle Association: Unrestrained Individualism (michelinewalker.com)
  • Self-entitlement and the NRA (michelinewalker.com)
  • Me, Myself and I (michelinewalker.com)

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Self-Entitlement & the NRA

27 Sunday Jan 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in United States

≈ 10 Comments

Tags

London, National Guard, National Rifle Association, Otto Fenichel, Second Amendment, Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, Self-entitlement, United States

Duel with Cudgels, by Francisco Goya

Duel with Cudgels, by Francisco Goya

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746–16 April 1828)

Many fables illustrate the danger of acting without first reflecting on the consequences. Would that members of the National Rifle Association (NRF) could see the current consequences of bearing arms! Without a firearm, one cannot shoot anyone else. The streets are safer and so are innocent little children.

As for the Second Amendment, it was/ is about security at a time in history when settlers were travelling westward before law enforcement mechanisms could guarantee their security. As I wrote in former posts, the US has long acquired policemen, armed forces and the National Guard (Homeland Security).

The Second Amendment being about security, bearing arms is now a violation of the obsolete Second Amendment. Firearms, military firearms at that, are being used causing the death of children and every day Americans die by gun. Consequently the “security of a free state” now depends on very strict legislation in the area of gun-control.

Self-entitlement

My last posts were about Quebec, but looking at Quebec was a helpful exercise. I came to the conclusion that the students motive for going on strike and flooding the streets to protest had little to do with the increase in tuition fee: $325.00 a year over a five-year period. The current tuition free is $2,168.00. The real motive was entitlement or, perhaps better worded, self-entitlement.

Entitlement is a form Narcissism

In clinical psychology and psychiatry, an unrealistic, exaggerated, or rigidly held sense of entitlement may be considered a symptom of narcissistic personality disorder, seen in those who “because of early frustrations…arrogate to themselves the right to demand lifelong reimbursement from fate.”[i]

In Greek mythology, Narcissus was led to a pool of water by Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, saw his own reflection in the water and could no longer stop looking at himself, which caused his death.

Narcissus, by Caravaggio

Narcissus, by Caravaggio

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610)
Italian; Baroque school of painters (Le Caravage, in French)
Photo credit: Wikipedia
 

From Country to Country

We now leave Canada to travel to its neighbouring country, the United States.

It would be my opinion that members of the National Rifle Association (NRA) are also led by a sense of entitlement, not clinical, but nevertheless a group form of entitlement. They resemble the students who disrupted Montreal because of an increase in tuition fees of $325.00 annually from 2012 to 2017.

Fossilization

Moreover, in linguistics, the term fossilization is used to describe a person who, in the process of learning a second language, is suddenly detained and can go no further.

The same can be true of persons who cannot understand that times have changed and that firearms no longer ensure but endanger the “security of a free state.” They live in a “good guy” vs “bad guy” society, and must have a firearm at the ready because they are the “good guy” who may be shot by the “bad guy.”

Such individuals cannot be brought to reason. They live in their own world. To change them, one would require a magic wand, which, for instance, could be — this is awful — the actual accidental killing of one of their children by another one of their children: fratricide or sororicide (the killing of a sister). But even then…

In “the best of all possible worlds”[ii] (Candide, by Voltaire), it would be easy to convince an individual to surrender his weapon so that human lives are saved. However, for members of the National Rifle Association, it is not about saving lives. It is about entitlement, a “right” that has ceased to be a right, a fossil, even by virtue of the Second Amendment.

The Second Amendment is about the “the security of a free state.” There has long been a “well regulated militia,” so the security of a free state is no longer for a “private force” to ensure.

The Second Amendment reads:

“A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.” (Second Amendment)

which means:

“A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state [in the absence of a well regulated militia], the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.” (Second Amendment)

Conclusion

It is all beyond the realm of reason. Yet the time has come to put an end to a deadly form of entitlement: “we had this right and will not let go.” There comes a point when one simply steps away from the past. But if one won’t, the recourses are the will of the people and the rule of law. The NRA may be powerful, but a group of four million and a half individuals remains a minority.

_________________________

[i] Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 499. (Quoted in Entitlement, Wikipedia)

[ii] Phrased by Gottfried Leibniz: “Die beste aller möglichen Welten” 

artist: Francisco Goya
composer: Maurice Ravel
piece: Pavane pour une infante défunte (Pavane for a Dead Princess)
painting: John Frederick Kensett (1816 – 1872)
 

Micheline Walker©
January 27, 2013
WordPress
 

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Musing on the US Constitution and other Documents

18 Tuesday Dec 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in United States

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

Bill of Rights, James Madison, Right to keep and bear arms, Second Amendment, Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, United States, United States Bill of Rights, United States Constitution

Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts committee presenting draft Declaration of Independence to Congress. Adams at center has hand on hip.
Trumbull’s Declaration of Independence depicts committee presenting draft Declaration of Independence to Congress. Adams at center has hand on hip.
John Trumbull (June 6, 1756 – November 10, 1843)
Photo credit: Wikipedia

* * *

Dear Friends,

You may ignore what comes after the Great Seal.  It’s the list of documents I examined.

Yesterday, the 17th, I browsed through information concerning the United States.  I needed to know more about the Declaration of Independence ( 6 July 1776), the United States Constitution (created on 17 September 1787, ratified on 21 June 1788) and the United States Bill of Rights, passed on 25 September 1789, ratified on 15 December 1791.

It was a slightly limited search as I need to keep my foot up and lie down frequently.  What I have discovered is that the Second Amendment is obsolete, not to say vestigial.  It belongs to an age when the United States did not have the protection it has acquired since 1788.  In my opinion, it should be revised or removed.

There are certain elements contained in documents such as the United States Constitution and the US Bill of Rights[i] that become obsolete or are eventually considered inappropriate.  That is perfectly normal.  In fact, the United States Constitution (June 21,1788) has been amended seventeen additional times (for a total of 27 amendments).  Times change.  For instance, we have left the age of the horse and buggy.

Here is the text of the Second Amendment.

“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

Given that the United States has its various Law Enforcement Agencies, its Armed Forces, its National Guards and, perhaps, other policing agencies I am not aware of, it does not need to allow people to own and carry firearms.

I don’t have to remind anyone that the US Military found and killed Osama bin Laden. That event is fresh in our memory.

I also remember the story of the poor gentleman, kidnapped in a boat, being saved by a marksman or sharpshooter.  You perhaps remember the details.  President Obama did not dally.  He authorized measures that would free this man.

So the Second Amendment is like a fossil as are parts of the Bill of Rights (see footnote [i]).  The Bill of Rights constitutes the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.  It therefore includes the Second Amendment.  It was authored by James Madison (16 March 1751 – 28 June 1836), the fourth President of the United States.

Moreover, the United States Declaration of Independence guaranties certain rights:

Under the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826), Americans have:

  • natural and legal rights;
  • human rights;
  • the right to revolution; and, above all, the right to
  • Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

Moreover, the United States is under the protection of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (UDHR)

I most certainly would not recommend a revolution.  But it would be my opinion that, because of the National Rifle Association‘s successful advocacy of the right to bear arms, the United States all but put a firearm in the hands of shooter Adam Lanza.

Members of the NRA will have to accept that the Constitution of the United States no longer justifies ownership by a civilian of a firearm.  The Second Amendment has become a lame amendment that allows aberrant behavior.  It made it possible for Adam Lanza, a civilian, to gun down twenty children and six adults, not to mention the murder of his mother and his suicide.

As I wrote on the 15th, the National Rifle Association (NRA) is therefore complicit in all the mass killings that have taken place in the last twenty years or so.  However, on second thought, I must qualify my statement because the system itself, Washington, has shamelessly given in to the NRA’s advocacy of the “right” to bear arms.  In other words, it is legal for civilians to own and carry firearms even though there is no need for them to do so and despite the fact that they now imperil innocent lives.  I am already hearing myself say: when and where will a massacre happen again?

In short, last Friday, Adam Lanza gunned down 20 children and 6 adults not just because Adam Lanza broke down, but because he broke down and had a powerful firearm.  And if he had a powerful firearm, it is because the system, i.e. the nation, is letting itself be ruled, not by reason, but by the NRA.  So the nation allowed an egregious violation of the basic tenet of its own Declaration of Independence: the right to Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

President Obama is right.  The nation must change.  But there is a difficulty.  Does the nation want to change?  I believe Americans are divided on the issue of gun ownership, but that a growing number of US citizens will now want change.  Last Friday’s massacre was heart-breaking.  Children died.  Therefore, I hope sincerely that those who want change will carry the day.  Quite frankly, if I were an American mother, I would be tempted to keep my child home until it is illegal for civilians to buy and carry firearms and all firearms have been confiscated.

This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.

This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) a Founding Father
John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826), 2nd President of the United States
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826), a Founding Father and the 3rd President of the United States
 

US Great Sea;

US Great Seal

 _________________________
 
The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
 

Wikipedia tells me that the

“Declaration of Independence justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III, and by asserting certain natural and legal rights, including a right of revolution. Having served its original purpose in announcing independence, the text of the Declaration was initially ignored after the American Revolution. Since then, it has come to be considered a major statement on human rights, particularly its second sentence:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

From the Declaration of Independence

1. Natural and Legal Rights

“Natural rights are rights not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable. In contrast, legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by the law of a particular political and legal system, and therefore relative to specific cultures and governments.” (Natural and Legal Rights, Wikipedia)

2. Human Rights

Human rights are commonly understood as “inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” (Human Rights, Wikipedia)

3. The Right to Revolution

“In political philosophy, the right of revolution (or right of rebellion) is the right or duty, variously stated throughout history, of the people of a nation to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests. Belief in this right extends back to ancient China, and it has been used throughout history to justify various rebellions, including the American Revolution and the French Revolution.”  (The Right to Revolution, Wikipedia)

From the Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), (10 December 1948, United Nations).

Article 1 (UDHR)

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.  They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”

From the Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States (full text)
The United States Constitution (Wikipedia entry)
 

The Second Amendment:

“A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

The Bill of Rights before revisions

“Originally, the Bill of Rights implicitly legally protected only white men, excluding American Indians, people considered to be “black” (now described as African-Americans), and women. These exclusions were not explicit in the Bill of Rights’ text, but were well understood and applied.” (United States Bill of Rights, Wikipedia)

[i] Please read the above quotation.

* * *

© Micheline Walker
December 18th, 2012
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