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Tag Archives: Samuel de Champlain

Jacques Cartier discovers Canada …

11 Wednesday Aug 2021

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, Canadian History, Colonialism, Nouvelle-France

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

Acadie settled, Aneda, Chief Donnacona, Jacques Cartier, Pierre Dugua Sieur de Mons, Roberval, Samuel de Champlain, Scurvy, Settlement, Three Trips

Jacques Cartier‘s La Grande Hermine (see Cartier’s ships), used in 1535-1536 (Google)
Jacques Cartier meeting the Indians at Stadacona in 1535,
by Suzor-Coté (1907) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

—ooo—

Jacques Cartier discovered Canada in 1534. He arrived at Gaspé Bay, planted a cross, and claimed the territory he had found for France. Cartier was looking for Asia, but he fell a continent and an ocean short of his goal. He did not find diamonds, just faux.

When Cartier sailed back to France, he took with him Iroquois Chief Donnacona‘s two sons, Domagaya and Taignoagny. They were returned to their father in 1535, during Cartier’s second expedition to the “country of the Canadas.” In 1535, Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River. One of Donnacona’s son took him to his home at Stadacona. It would be Quebec City. In October, Cartier went to Hochelaga, the future Montreal. Cartier could not go beyong the Lachine Rapids. He did not create a settlement in New France.

The Winter of 1535-1536

  • Cartier explores the St Lawrence River
  • abduction
  • the third voyage

Cartier’s 150 men and three ships, la Grande Hermine, la Petite Hermine and l’Émérillon, spent the winter in Canada. When winter came, his men started to die of scurvy. St Lawrence Iroquoians supplied him with anneda/aneda, harvested from thuya occidentalis, cedar trees. It has been claimed that Cartier’s men were provided with abies balsamea, from the Balsam fir. Aneda or abies balsamea were rich sources of Vitamin C, the remedy for scurvy. Cartier’s men survived.

In 1536, Jacques Cartier captured Iroquoian Chief Donnacona, his sons, Domagaya and Taignoagny, and five Iroquoian Amérindiens. Amerindians had saved his crew, but Cartier was not in the least grateful. Besides, St Lawrence Iroquois had tried to impede Cartier’s exploration. Cartier sailed back to France, but his captives were never returned to their home. Cartier did not create a settlement.

In 1541-1542, Roberval and Cartier were expected to create a first settlement, but Cartier, who met Roberval as he sailed back to France, would not turn back and join Roberval. There would be no attempt to settle the Canadas until 1604.

Map of Cartier's third voyage 1541-1542
Cartier’s Voyages (1541-1542)

—ooo—

Pierre Dugua de Mons and Champlain

Later explorers would be kind to Amerindians. In 1604, Pierre Dugua de Mons, Samuel de Champlain, Dugua de Mons’ cartographer, Pierre Chauvin de Tonnetuit, Matthieu Da Costa, a Black linguist, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just, Lescarbot and others went to the current Nova Scotia. In exchange for a monopoly in the fur trade, which Henri IV King of France and Navarre granted him, Dugua de Mon[t]s agreed to create a settlement in New France. Many of his men were Huguenots, French Protestant Calvinists, but Catholics would also settle in North America.

The group spent a winter on Sainte-Croix island (Dochet Island). Dugua de Mons lost half of his men (39 or so). He returned to France, but he left Champlain, François Gravé du Pont, Champlain’s uncle, Matthieu Da Costa, a Black linguist, and persons introduced above. Matthieu da Costa did not speak Amerindian languages, but he learned languages in very little time and could create a lingua franca, a language of trade and travel, etc. Champlain and Matthieu Da Costa founded Quebec City in 1608. Four years earlier, in 1604, they and colleagues had settled Port-Royal, in the current Nova Scotia. Port-Royal was located in a warmer climate than the climate at Île Sainte-Croix. To prevent scurvy, Champlain suggested the creation of the Order of Good Cheer, l’Ordre de Bon Temps (1606). Merriment and good meals were essential to everyone’s health. French-speaking settlers, voyageurs in particular, inherited this approach.

I have written drafts of posts on the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774. Guy Carleton gave French-speaking Canadians their version of the Amerindians’ magna carta. The two acts are linked. These posts turned into booklets, so I am posting this article. Amerindians were safe during the days of New France, which may well have started with Pierre Dugua de Mons, Samuel de Champlain, and the gift of aneda.

RELATED ARTICLES

  • Canadiana 1 (Page)

Sources and Resources

Pierre Dugua de Mons (about 1560-1628) – Musée protestant (museeprotestant.org)

I will be spending the next three weeks away from my apartment. I’m tired. The computer will travel with me. We are going to Magog, a half hour from Sherbrooke.

—ooo—

Love to everyone and apologies for days away from WordPress. 💕

Le Sieur de Roberval par Jean Clouet

© Micheline Walker
11 August 2021
WordPress

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Musing on Champlain & New France

09 Wednesday May 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, History, Uncategorized

≈ Comments Off on Musing on Champlain & New France

Tags

Bon-Temps, Champlain, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Henry IV of France, New France, Order of Good Cheer, Pierre Dugua Sieur de Mons, Port-Royal, Samuel, Samuel de Champlain

The Order of Good Cheer, C. W. Jefferys* historical illustrator

The Order of Good Cheer

To the left is a picture of French settlers spending their second winter in Acadia.  They are at Port-Royal, now Annapolis Royal.  In the winter of 1604-1605, Du Gua lost half his men to scurvy.  So it came that Champlain founded l’Ordre de Bon Temps.  Men died, but  “[w]e passed this winter most joyously, & fared lavishly,” wrote Champlain.[i]

*C. W. Jefferys (25 August 1869 – 8 October 1951)

Samuel de Champlain[ii] (13 August 1574 – 25 December 1635)

There were fatalities during the winter of 1605-1606 but most men survived and Champlain’s Ordre du Bon-Temps may have helped.  However, “[t]he Order’s practices were established by the first Chief Steward Marc Lescarbot.”  Lescarbot, a lawyer, also established a theater: le Théâtre de Neptune, and wrote and published a History of New France (Histoire de la Nouvelle-France), in 1609.  

However, Champlain is not the founder of Acadia.  Pierre du Gua de Monts or Mons is the person who raised the funds from various merchants to travel to North America. He organized the expedition to the current Atlantic Ocean, or more precisely, Nova Scotia.[iii]  As for Champlain, as written above, he was Du Gua de Monts‘[iv] cartographer and his lieutenant.  He, Du Gua, and their men first settled on Isle Sainte-Croix, but moved to Port-Royal, today’s Annapolis Royal, where the Order of Good Cheers was founded and where Acadie (from Acadia or algatig, MicMac) rooted itself. 

Champlain: a lack of records

We have very little information about the father of the nation.  In fact, until the early 1600s, little can be ascertained concerning Samuel Champlain or Samuel de Champlain (Wikipedia).  “As the parish registers of Brouage have been destroyed by fire, nothing is known of the date of Champlain’s birth or of his baptism; he may have been born c. 1570, perhaps in 1567.” (DCB)  According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography (DCB), “Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book, and to be Saintongeois in the title of his second book (1613).”  In short, because of the fire in Brouage and conflicting statements on the part of Champlain, we do not know with certainty 

  • where Champlain was born;
  • in which year he was born;
  • whether or not he was baptized a Catholic or a Protestant;
  • whether or not he was a nobleman by birth.

Samuel Champlain or Samuel de Champlain 

However, Champlain left an account of his life as explorer, settler and fur trader.  But was he or was he not a member of the nobility?  “His 1603 volume gives ‘Samuel Champlain’ and the dedication to Admiral Montmorency is signed ‘S. Champlain,’ whereas in the privilège, in the same edition, there are the words ‘Sieur de Champlain,’ just as in the marriage contract of 1610 and in the 1613, 1619, and 1632 volumes.” (DCB)  Again, as is the case with his place and date of birth and his religion, Champlain confuses posterity.

Champlain’s Marriage

In 1610, at the age of forty, Champlain travelled to France to marry 12 year-old Hélène Boullé, a Protestant.  That is on record.  However, that marriage seems to have been a mere contract.  After the wedding, Hélène remained in France because she was too young to be a wife.  But Champlain collected 4,500 out of a 6,000-livre dowry the day following the wedding. 

Hélène did sail to Canada in 1620 (DCB) but she spent very little time in her husband’s country of adoption and no mention is made of children born to her and Samuel.  Hélène converted to Catholicism at the age of 14 and, about ten years after Champlain’s death (25 December 1635), she entered a convent, that of the Ursuline Order in Paris, which had long been her wish. 

Protestantism 

Given his name, Samuel, a protestant name, the two years he spent at Henri IV’s court in the early 1600s, his marriage to Hélène Boullé, his friendships, it would appear Champlain was a Protestant.  However, it may have been in his best interest to call himself a Catholic.  There was no official conversion, but he did as Henri IV did. 

It had also been in Henri IV’s best interest to convert to Catholicism.  His official mistress as of 1591, Gabrielle d’Estrées, told Henri IV that converting to Catholicism may lead to his being crowned King of France.  He had been King of France since 1589, when Henri III (a Valois King) died, but had yet to be crowned.  

On July 25, 1593, Henri IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), King of Navarre, is reported to have said that “Paris (being King of France) is well worth a mass,” or « Paris vaut bien une messe. »  Gabrielle was right.  He was crowned King of France on 27 February 1594.   

As for Champlain’s religion, according to Wikipedia, “he [Champlain] belonged to either a Protestant family, or a tolerant Roman Catholic one, since Brouage was most of the time a Catholic city in a Protestant region, and his Old Testament first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children.”  Moreover, why did he settle in North America?  Henri IV had converted and married a Medici, but he was nevertheless assassinated.

I will list Champlain’s functions in the New World, before the birth of the Company of One Hundred Associates.  He was lieutenant

  • to Lieutenant-General Pierre Du Gua de Monts 1608–12,
  • to Lieutenant-General Bourbon de Soissons in 1612,
  • to Viceroy Bourbon de Condé 1612–20,[v]
  • to Viceroy de Montmorency 1620–25,
  • to Viceroy de Ventadour 1625–27.

By looking at the above list, we have a list of the persons who governed New France officially, although they may not have travelle to New France, until the Seigneurial System was put into place (1727) and the Compagnie des Cent-Associés chartered, in 1628.  At this point, Richelieu took control of New France, but Champlain was one of the Cent-Associés the Company of One Hundred Associates (1628-1663).   

So let us finish the list.  Champlain was

  • commandant at Quebec in 1627 and 1628, between de [sic] Ventadour’s resignation and the creation of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés;
  • commander in New France “in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu” 1629–35;
  • member of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés (founded when Quebec City had been captured by the brothers Kirke and was under British rule [1628 to 1632]) ;
  • probably b. at Brouage, in Saintonge (Charente-Maritime);
  • d. 25 Dec. 1635 at Quebec.

The Kirke Brothers in Tadoussac and Quebec City

In 1628, the brothers Kirke (see also Place Royale) captured Tadoussac and then Quebec City.  From 1629 and 1632, Quebec City was under British control.  So we have just learned, however, that after a failed attempt to settle Tadoussac in 1600, Tadoussac was later settled.  Because of its location, at the confluence of the Saguenay River and the St Lawrence River, New France’s highway, Tadoussac is a beautiful place.

Conclusion

Before pausing, I will note that

  • Du Gua de Monts settled Acadie, with the assistance of Champlain;
  • that Champlain benefitted from calling himself a Catholic.  He was not persecuted and could be named “father of Canada” by the Clergy.
  • that Acadie remained, i.e. Du Gua did not fail, and that Quebec was settled by Champlain;
  • that the Company of One Hundred Associates was founded in 1628 and dissolved in 1663;
  • that a Sovereign Council governed New France from 1675 until the Battle of Sainte-Foy (28 April 1760);
  • that the Seigneurial System was in place from 1627 until 1854; 
  • that although it was abolished some SEIGNEURS continued to collect rentes from CENSITAIRES;
  • that France could not afford its North-American colony and failed to give it a self-sustaining and eventually prosperous economy;
  • that under the Quebec Act (1674), Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester seems to have been the first person to give a voice in government to French-speaking Canadians citizens: Parliament.  However, the country he governed was the country Champlain had founded.
 
Buddy’s Point, etching by Anna Syperek, 2011
Ode à l’Acadie – Lina Boudreau
(please click on the title to hear the music)
 
Related Posts:  
 
  • New France: Once Upon a Time…
  • Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada
  • Richelieu & Nouvelle-France (Filles du Roy)
  • Une éminence grise: Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu et de Fronsac (Huguenots)
  • Dumas, père & Marguerite de Valois fictionalized  (Huguenots)
  • Poisson d’avril, pesce d’aprile, April’s Fools Day & the Edict of Roussillon, 1574 (Huguenots)
© Micheline Walker 
9 May 2012
WordPress
_________________________

[i] James Marsh “Ordre de Bon Temps,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/ordre-de-bon-temps

[ii] “Samuel de Champlain,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain

[iii] Micheline Walker, Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada/

[iv] Marcel Trudel ,“Samuel de Champlain,” DCB Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online,   http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=115

[v] “In 1620 the king [Louis XIII] reaffirmed Champlain’s authority over Quebec but forbade his personal exploration, directing him instead to employ his talents in administrative tasks.” In C. T. Ritchie, “Samuel de Champlain,” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 09 May. 2012
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain>.

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Richelieu & Nouvelle-France

01 Thursday Mar 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, History

≈ 303 Comments

Tags

duc de Sully, Filles du Roy, Henri IV, Louis XIV of France, New France, Pierre Du Gua de Monts, Quebec City, Samuel de Champlain

Tapis de Savonnerie, Grand Galerie du LouvreCharles Le Brun

Tapis de Savonnerie, Grande Galerie du Louvre
Charles Le Brun

Nouvelle-France under Henri IV and Richelieu

Seldom acknowledged is the attention given New France by Henri IV and Richelieu.  Samuel de Champlain (c. 1567 – 25 December 1635), a father of Nouvelle-France, was able to obtain, from Henri IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), the support he required to create a settlement for the French in Port-Royal, Acadie, now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.  Acadie was settled in 1604.

Quebec City

But Du Gas de Monts, the largely unrecognized father of Acadie, and an indefatigable explorer, quickly realized that he had to create a French settlement in what is now Quebec City.  Sailing up the St Lawrence River to Quebec City was a relativity safe endeavour.  Champlain argued that the inhabitants of the new settlement in Quebec City would convert Amerindians and, second, he emphasized the economic benefits of this “établissement.”  Once more the king obliged.

Quebec City: l’habitation

There was kinship between Henri IV, a former or less visible Huguenot, and Champlain, still a Huguenot or French Calvinist Protestant.  More importantly, however, Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Du Gua de Monts, (Du Gua de Monts; c. 1558 – 1628), were dealing with a king, Henri IV, who had business acumen, as did his chief advisor, Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully (1560–1641).

Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain could smell the fur and had caught a glimpse of the natural resources that could be tapped in Nouvelle-France and relayed the message in what must have been an eloquent form of French.

For France’s North-American colonies, the death of Henri IV was tragic and so was the dismissal of Sully, one of Marie de’ Medici’s worst mistakes.  But Champlain found advocacy “for the retention of Quebec” under Richelieu who, contrary to Marie, was a man of vision.  Richelieu founded the “Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City  to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to develop eventually into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America.”[i]

Les Filles du Roy

In other words, under the leadership of Henri IV and Richelieu / Louis XIII, Nouvelle-France grew.  As for its situation after the death of both Richelieu (1642) and Louis XIII, one could say that Nouvelle-France remained in the field of vision of the motherland.  For instance, under Louis XIV, between 1663 and 1673, 500 to 900 Frenchwomen, the King’s daughters (les filles du Roy), were given a dowry by king Louis XIV and sent to Nouvelle-France, if they were deemed sufficiently healthy to survive the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean.

Upon their arrival, the brave women were housed in a convent and taught what they needed to know about their domestic duties and the rigours of Nouvelle-France.  It was only then that courting began.  They were a precious asset to Nouvelle-France because most could read and write and had also studied arithmetic.

Nouvelle-France and Acadie under Louis XV

However, under Louis XV, France’s North-American colonies were no longer a priority.  Absolutism has its drawbacks.  Voltaire’s Candide contains the famous “a few acres of snow” (quelques arpents de neige), the words he used to describe Nouvelle-France.  But I have often wondered whether or not this comment should be read literally.  As a writer, Voltaire had mastered oblique writing, what I call “indirection.”  His master had been Pascal whose Provinciales he greatly admired.  In some of the Lettres provinciales, a candid character asks questions to a Jesuit who then tells the wonders of casuistry. All sins could be absolved under the art of the rather Machiavellian casuistry.

In short, those few words could have been a “candid” indictment of France’s poor administration of its colonies, so poor that in 1763, when given a choice between keeping Nouvelle-France or a few balmy islands to the south, the French let Nouvelle-France go, keeping however Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, small islands off the coast of Newfoundland as a pied-à-terre for its fishermen.

The impoverishment of French Aristocrats

But allow me to return to our “filles du Roy” turned farmers.  In the seventeenth century, French aristocrats were expected to be present at the petit lever and grand lever, as well as the petit coucher and grand coucher of Louis XIV.  It therefore became very difficult to find a husband for a daughter.  How were they to raise the necessary dowry?

© Micheline Walker
March 1st, 2012
WordPress
updated: April 8th, 2013
_________________________

[i]  Wikipedia, “Cardinal de Richelieu”  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu

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