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Tag Archives: Regina Cæli

The Marian Antiphonies

05 Sunday Apr 2015

Posted by michelinewalker in Feasts, Marian Hymnology, Music

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

Ave Regina Caelorum, Giovanni Legrenzi, madrigals, Marian Antiphons, Mater Dolorosa, polyphony, Regina Cæli, sacred music

Dolci_Mater_dolorosa_1

Mater Dolorosa by Carlo Dolci (25 May 1616 – 17 January 1686) (Photo credit: Wikipedia) 

The Marian Antiphons

The Marian year has its seasons and each season has its antiphon. There are four antiphons, one for each Marian season. Antiphons, sometimes called antiphonies, are a call and response hymn. (See Posts on Marian Hymnology.)

Marian antiphonies are:

  • Alma Redemptoris Mater (Advent through February 2)
  • Ave Regina Cælorum (Presentation of the Lord through Good Friday)
  • Regina Cæli (Easter season)
  • Salve Regina (from first Vespers of Trinity Sunday until None of the Saturday before Advent)

Last week, on Good Friday, the seasonal Marian antiphon became the Regina Cæli. It had been the Ave Regina Cælorum, which ends on Good Friday. Good Friday, or ‘holy’ Friday, is the day that commemorates the crucifixion and death of Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Christ, in whose name Christianity was founded.

As you may know, the growth of polyphony, music combining several voices, is linked to Sacred Music mainly. During the Middle Ages, the Church was the main patron of composers. Most composers therefore became Kappelmeisters. It was their profession.

However, composers such as Italian Luca Marenzio (18 October 1553 or 1554 – 22, August 1599) wrote madrigals, secular music. Marenzio worked for Italian aristocratic families: the Gonzaga, the Este, and the Medici. Madrigals became the leading genre during the Renaissance and could be called the secular birthplace of polyphony. The largely courtly madrigal was rooted in the medieval song or chanson. Trouvères (northern France), troubadours[1] (southern France), and Minnesingers (German-speaking lands) wrote and sang chansons.

Piazza San Marco (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Piazza San Marco, Venice (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

The Renaissance

The Renaissance began with the collapse of the Byzantine Empire (Greek), or Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks on 29 May 1453 and its Greek scholars fled to Italy. The Ottoman Empire’s Sultanate collapsed on 1 November 1922 and its Caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924. (See The Last Crusades: the Ottoman Empire.) Constantinople became Istanbul in 1929 and is the largest city in Turkey. The arrival in Italy of Greek scholars escaping the Ottoman Turks would change western Europe profoundly. It ushered in a renaissance (rebirth).

San Marco, or St. Mark’s Basilica, reflects the influence of the Byzantine Empire, the empire that preceded the Ottoman Empire. (See Constantine the Great, Wikipedia.)[2] However, the Venetian School of music was founded by Adrian Willaert of the Franco-Flemish school. (See Venetian polychoral style, Wikipedia)

In 1527, Netherlandish composer Adrian Willaert (c. 1490 – 7 December 1562)travelled to Venice, where he had been appointed maestro di cappella at San Marco and taught music. At St. Mark’s Basilica, he had the best of facilities and remained its maestro di cappella until his death in 1552.

Music for Easter

Two years ago, I posted an article entitled Music for Easter (31 March 2013). That post featured the Regina Cæli, the Easter season’s antiphon. If you wish to listen to Michel Richard de Lalande‘s Regina Cæli, please click on Music for Easter. Music for Easter is a short post also featuring, as does this post, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi‘s (4 January 1710 – 16 March 1736) “Quando corpus morietur.” Pergolesi died at the age of 26, but had already composed several mature works. I love Pergolesi. His “Quando corpus morietur” is inspired music.

Giovanni Legrenzi

Giovanni Legrenzi[3] (baptized 12 August 1626 – 27 May 1690) was a 17th-century Italian composer. By the 17th century, western Europe had entered its Baroque period (1600 – 1750) and composers had started to write operas. However, Legrenzi was first employed as organist at Santa Maria Maggiore, in Bergamo, Italy. In the mid 1650’s, he was maestro di cappella at the Academy of the Holy Spirit in Ferrara. Later, he settled in Venice where he lived comfortably and was named maestro di cappella at San Marco, Venice’s splendid Basilica. In other words, the Church had remained an important employer of musicians.

Both Giovanni Legrenzi and Michel Richard de Lalande were active at the height of the Ottoman Empire, the period when turquerie was fashionable, but it should be noted that polyphonic music is entirely a product of the Graeco-Roman civilization.

RELATED ARTICLES

  • The Last Crusades: the Ottoman Empire (12 February 2015)
  • The Codex Manesse (20 September 2014) (Minnesingers)
  • Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, revisited (5 December 2013)
  • Music for Easter (31 March 2013)
  • Posts on Marian Hymnology (7 January 2013)
  • A Portrait of Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (20 December 2011)

Sources and Resources

  • The Byzantine Rite http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Rite
  • Notre-Dame de Paris
    Ave Regina Cælorum (Presentation of the Lord through Good Friday)
  • Notre-Dame de Paris
    Regina Cæli (Easter Season)

Ave, Regína cælórum
Ave, Dómina Angelórum,
Sálve rádix, sálve, pórta,
Ex qua múndo lux est órta.
Gáude, Vírgo gloriósa,
Super ómnes speciósa ;
Vále, o valde decóra
Et pro nóbis Christum exóra.

Hail, Queen of the Heavens!
Hail, ruler of the angels!
Hail, root of Jesse! Hail, portal from whom light has shone to the world!
Hail, Virgin most glorious,
Beautiful above all!
Farewell, O most comely,
And pray to Christ for us.
(Courtesy of Notre-Dame de Paris)

47visnew

Madonna by Raphael (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

This post was published mistakenly a few minutes after I started writing it. The “publish” button is next to the “save draft” button. This morning, I realized that my image of San Marco was missing. I decided to insert it, but pressed on the “draft”  button instead of the “pending review” button. The post is now dated 5 April 2015.

Wishing all to you a Happy Easter.♥

____________________
[1] Troubadours sang in langue d’oc and trouvères in langue d’oïl.

[2] Constantine I was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He founded the Christian Church, as an institution, at the First Council of Nicaea (325 CE) and the Council of Nicaea and Constantinople, in 381 CE. The Nicene Creed dates back to these two councils.

[3] “Giovanni Legrenzi”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 04 avr.. 2015
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335137/Giovanni-Legrenzi>.

Ave Regina Cælorum
Philippe Jaroussky (countertenor) and Marie-Nicole Lemieux (contralto)

Pergolesi’s Quando corpus morietur 

  • composer:  Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (4 January 1710 –16 or 17 March 1736)
  • piece: “Quando corpus morietur,” Stabat Mater
  • performers: London Symphony Orchestra, 1985
  • Margaret Marshall, Soprano; Lucia Valentini Terrani, Contralto
  • conductor: Claudio Abbado

tumblr_mgsy17srBd1qipl8zo1_500© Micheline Walker
4 April 2015
(revised on 5 April 2015)
WordPress

Mater Dolorosa (detail, ca. 1485) attributed to Simon Marmion (Photo credit: rebloggy.com)

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Music for Easter

31 Sunday Mar 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Easter, Music

≈ 12 Comments

Tags

Claudio Abbado, Easter, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, London Symphony Orchestra, Lucia Valentini Terrani, Margaret Marshall, Michel-Richard de Lalande, Regina Cæli

Archetypal Gothic Lady of Sorrows from a triptych by the Master of the Stauffenberg Altarpiece, Alsace c. 1455

Archetypal Gothic Lady of Sorrows from a triptych by the Master of the Stauffenberg Altarpiece, Alsace c. 1455, Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

I wish all of you a very Happy Easter.  Let it be musical.  The new Marian antiphon is the “Regina Cæli.”  Michel-Richard Delalande (or de Lalande) , whose “Regina Cæli” I selected, was the finest composer of French

  • A Portrait of Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (20 December 2011)

The second selection is Pergolesi’s French grands motets. The second selection is Pergolesi’s “Quando Corpus Morietur.”

Regina Cæli

The authorship of the Regina Cæli is unknown.  It was composed in the twelfth century and was in Franciscan use after Compline a century later.  According to Wikipedia, “legend has it that St Gregory the Great heard angels chanting the first three lines one Easter morning in Rome, while following barefoot in a great religious procession of the icon of the Virgin painted by Luke the Evangelist.  He was thereupon inspired to add the fourth line.”  (See Regina Cæli, Wikipedia.)

The Regina Cæli is one of the four Antiphons or Antiphonies (Anthems in the Anglican Church) dedicated to Mary.  It is sung during the Easter season.

Queen of Heaven, rejoice, alleluia.
For He whom you deserved to bear in your womb, alleluia.
Has risen, as He promised, alleluia.
Pray for us to God, alleluia.
V. Rejoice and be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia.
R. For the Lord has truly risen, alleluia.
 
 
Michel-Richard Delalande (15 December 1657 – 18 June 1726)
Regina Cæli
 
 
 
 
composer: Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (4 January 1710 – 16 March 1736)
piece: “Quando Corpus Morietur”
performers: Margaret Marshall, Soprano and Lucia Valentini Terrani, Contralto 
orchestra: London Symphony Orchestra (1985)
conductor: Claudio Abbado 
 
  
Detail of the Stauffenberg Altarpiece – Dead Christ

Detail of the Stauffenberg Altarpiece (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

© Micheline Walker
31 March 2013
WordPress
 

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