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Tag Archives: Refus global

Refus Global (Total Refusal) & the CBC

09 Friday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Quebec

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Alfred Pellan, André Breton, CBC, Index, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Paul-Émile Borduas, Quebec history, Refus global

Bénédicte – Les beaux fruits (The Lovely Fruit), by Paul-Émile Borduas
 

Paul-Émile Borduas

Here are links to the complete Refus global.
Refus global (l’intégral, en français)
Refus global or Total Refusal (text in English)
Refus global (The Canadian Encyclopedia‘s entry)
Images: please click on Paul-Émile Borduas
Photo credit: Paul-Émile Borduas (a fine website)
 
Signatories: Paul-Émile Borduas, Magdeleine Arbour, Marcel Barbeau, Bruno Cormier, Claude Gauvreau, Pierre Gauvreau, Muriel Guilbeault, Marcelle Ferron, Fernand Leduc, Thérèse Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau,  Maurice Perron, Louise Renaud, François Riopelle, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Françoise Sullivan
 
EN=English
FR=French 
 

Two CBC documentaries on Refus Global

I found two CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/ Radio-Canada) documentaries concerning Refus global (Total Refusal).  I kept expecting to view a video, but there was no video just words.  Therefore, in order to listen to the recordings one must scroll down to the bottom of a black space and press on the start button, the triangle.  There are no pictures, but there is a text.

However, before listening, it would help to read the following comments.  I had to listen two or three times to understand some of the words.

The Manifesto was launched at a bookstore: Henri Tranquille‘s FR[i] bookstore.  The second floor of the bookstore was a large area where artists could exhibit their work.  Their art was becoming less and less figurative or representational.

Alfred Pellan,[ii] is the artist who had studied in Paris and returned to Montreal transporting a large quantity of works demonstrating that art could follow new paths.  The signatories of Refus global learned about André Breton‘s “pure psychic automatism.”

André Breton, the founder of Surrealism, wrote the Surrealists’s Manifesto in 1924 (Manifeste du surréalisme).  Borduas had also traveled to France and was acquainted with various “isms:” Cubism, Fauvism, the work of Joan Miró and Breton’s Surrealism.

According to one of the narrators, the Great Depression was a catalyst in Borduas’s rapid shift from representational art to non-figurative art.  Poverty is unbelievably humiliating.  In Refus global, Borduas makes a list of the fears of Québécois, one of which is poverty.

Fears

“In the vain hope of erasing their memory, I will name the things we feared:
fear of prejudice, fear of public opinion, fear of persecution and general disapproval
fear of being abandoned by God and by a society that invariably leaves us to our lonely fate
fear of ourselves, of our brothers, of poverty
fear of the established order, of the mockery of justice
fear of new relationships
fear of the irrational
fear of needs
fear of the floodgates that open onto our faith in man, of the society of the future
fear of anything that could inspire in us a transforming love
blue fear – red fear – white fear: each one another link in the chain that binds us.”
 

“Christianity”

It would be my opinion that Borduas’s use of the word “Christianity” refers to a powerful and then repressive human institution.  Jesus of Nazareth was a Jew who lived in Palestine, which, at the time, was controlled by Rome.  Jesus is not the founder of a Church; a Church was founded in his name.

Borduas: un penseur (a Thinker)

In the second documentary, one of the narrators calls Borduas “un penseur,” a thinker, an intellectual who attracted students to his house, rue Napoléon.  One of the institutions named in the documentaries is le Collège Sainte-Marie, a fine Jesuit school where theater was promoted: le théâtre du Gesù.

Jansenism & Society

“We are a small people, the product of a Jansenist colony, isolated, defeated,left a powerless prey to all those invading congregations from France and Navarre that were eager to perpetuate in this holy realm of fear (in-fear-is-the-beginning-of-wisdom!) the blessings and prestige of a Catholic religion that was being scorned in Europe. Heirs of papal authority, mechanical, brooking no opposition, past masters of obscurantist methods, our educational institutions had, from that time on, absolute control over a world of warped memories, stagnant minds and misguided intentions.”

Paul-Émile Borduas refers to Jansenism (4th paragraph).  My posts on Phèdre tell that story.  Many of the early settlers of New France were Jansenists.  They arrived on the North-American continent during the seventeenth century, the Jansenist era.  Predestination was a tenet of Jansenism.  Like Jean Racine’s Phèdre, many Québécois felt they had been abandoned by God:  “fear of being abandoned by God.”

However, French-Canadians had also been abandoned by society, by France, and many of the “Patriotes” of the 1837-1838 Rebellion EN had died.  A dozen or so were hanged and 58, deported to Australia, then called Nouvelle-Hollande.  They were soon returned to their homes, but exile had nevertheless transformed them into martyrs.

The French-language Wikipedia entry on the Rebellion of 1837-1838 FR provides a more detailed account of the events of 1837-1838 than the English-language entry.

Conclusion

I have written a short biography of Paul-Émile Borduas.  It is still a draft, but it will be posted.  The art displayed in this post is not yet the abstract l’Étoile noire and Froissement (Wrinkling), shown at the very bottom of this post.  One of the persons interviewed by the CBC/ Radio-Canada states that the Refus global signatories rejected everything.  Global or Total is Global, Total.  But there is some expression of hope.  Borduas speaks of a “future collectivity” (near the end of the document).  He expresses “hope” as does his art and that of his students, not to mention Refus global/ Total Refusal itself.  Refus global clears the table (Descartes‘s tabula rasa).

“A new collective hope will dawn.

It is already demanding the passion of exceptional insights, anonymous union in renewed faith in the future, in the future collectivity.” 

There is fear, but “in-fear-is-the-beginning-of-wisdom!” (fourth paragraph)
 

The CBC Documentaries

Refus global.1 
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/le-refus-global-revolution-in-the-arts/launching-of-le-refus-global.html
Refus global.2
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/le-refus-global-revolution-in-the-arts/the-automatists.html
 

Marie-Pierre – Les fruits merveilleux (The Marvellous Fruit), by Paul-Émile Borduas

_________________________
[i] There is a CBC/ Radio-Canada) documentary, an interview, about Henri Tranquille.  The interviewer speaks European French and Henri Tranquille has a Quebec accent.  It is a precious testimonial which should be translated.  Among other things, Tranquille speaks about the Index or List of Prohibited Books. The police could investigate. 
 
http://archives.radio-canada.ca/arts_culture/litterature/clips/15809/
 
[ii] Alfred Pellan and Borduas were not friends.  Pellan had received the first scholarship allowing a Quebec artist to study in Paris. 
 
RELATED ARTICLES
Refus global: the Index librorium prohibitorum (November 6, 2012)  
A Glance at Refus global & the News (November 4, 2012)
Phèdre’s “Hidden God” (October 8, 2012)
Jean Racine, Gabriel Fauré & Alexandre Cabanel: a Canticle (October 6, 2012)  
 

© Micheline Walker
November 9th, 2012
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Refus Global & the Index Librorum Prohibitorum

06 Tuesday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, History, Quebec

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Fernand Leduc, Henri Fantin-Latour, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Marcelle Ferron, Paul-Émile Borduas, Pierre Gauvreau, Poète maudit, Refus global, Signatories

Bégonia, by Paul-Émile Borduas (1924) NGC/GNC[i]

  
Paul-Émile Borduas (November 1, 1905 – February 22, 1960)
Refus global (l’intégral, en français)
Refus global or Total Refusal (text in English)
 
Images: please click on Paul-Émile Borduas

Signatories: Paul-Émile Borduas, Magdeleine Arbour, Marcel Barbeau, Bruno Cormier, Claude Gauvreau, Pierre Gauvreau, Muriel Guilbeault, Marcelle Ferron, Fernand Leduc, Thérèse Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau,  Maurice Perron, Louise Renaud, François Riopelle, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Françoise Sullivan

Refus global

The above painting is an early work, by Paul-Émile Borduas.  In fact, it is a study and, to a certain extent, a child-like study.  Consequently, looking at this painting (watercolour on graphite), one does not suspect that Borduas would ever publish Refus global (Total Refusal), an “anti-establishment and anti-religious manifesto released on August 9, 1948 in Montreal by a group of sixteen young Québécois artists and intellectuals that included Paul-Émile Borduas and Jean-Paul Riopelle.” (Refus global, Wikipedia).  Other than Borduas, only one of the signatories of the Refus global, Jean-Paul Riopelle, achieved international renown.  A number of his works were exhibited at the State Hermitage Museum, in Saint Petersburg in 2006.

The Church

“We are a small people huddling under the shelter of the clergy, who are the only remaining repository of faith, knowledge, truth, and national wealth; we were excluded from the universal progress of thought with all its pitfalls and perils, and raised, when it became impossible to keep us in complete ignorance, on well-meaning but uncontrolled and grossly distorted accounts of the great historical facts.”

Unless otherwise indicated, all quotations are from Refus global (Total Refusal), The Canadian Encyclopedia.[ii]

How knowledge was concealed or “distorted”

I have already quoted the above paragraph.  It is an indictment of the Church.  According to Borduas, the Church excluded Québécois from the “universal progress of thought,” or it “distorted” the truth.  However, just how was knowledge concealed or “distorted.”  For one thing, in the Quebec of my childhood, books had to be approved by the Church before they were put on the shelves of libraries or sold to students.  The book was acceptable if in contained the words “nihil obstat” or imprimatur.  Before the Révolution tranquille or Quiet Revolution, one could not buy or borrow books that were prohibilited under the List of Prohibited Books, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

“The magical harvest magically reaped from the unknown lies ready in the field. It was gathered by all the true poets. Its powers of transformation are as great as the violence practised against it, as its continued resistance to attempts to make use of it (after more than two centuries, there is not a single copy of the Marquis de Sade* to be found in our bookshops; Isidore Ducasse [le comte de Lautréamont],[iii] dead for more than a century, a hundred years of revolution and slaughter, is still too strong for queasy contemporary stomachs, even those accustomed to present-day filth and corruption.”

*If you are a sensitive person, reading le Marquis de Sade could make you sick.

The Index was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559 and its first version is called the Pauline Index.  The list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church underwent modifications.  For instance, the Council of Trent‘s Tridentine Index was less severe than the Pauline Index, but even the more relaxed forms of the Index were an obstacle in the “freedom of enquiry” (Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Wikipedia).  The list, or Index, was abolished by Pope Paul VI, in 1966.

Obviously, Quebec was not threatened, in the manner Galileo was.  Catholic cosmology would not accept heliocentrism, sometimes called Copernicanism, the theory put forth in Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).  Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) died the year he published his findings, in 1543, but Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was not so fortunate.  Galileo Galilei was found guilty of heresy by the Roman Inquisition in 1615.  He was forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest (Galileo Galilei, Wikipedia).

trips, studying abroad & “sexual experience”

“Foreign travel became more common, with Paris as the main attraction. Too distant in time and space, too lively for our timid souls, a trip to Paris was often just an excuse to spend a holiday acquiring some long-overdue sexual experience and enough of the polish provided by a stay in France to intimidate the masses back home.  With very few exceptions, our physicians, for example, whether or not they had actually made the trip, began behaving scandalously (we-have-a-right-to-make-up-for-those-long-years-of-study!).

In many cases, these trips also served as an unexpected wake-up call. Minds were growing restless, and more people began reading forbidden books, which brought some small hope and comfort.”

However, in 1948, the Index was still in force but it was losing ground in Quebec, partly because of trips and studies abroad.  Paul-Émile Borduas had travelled to France and died in France.  At the time, Québécois often went to Europe to complete their studies as Quebec universities had yet to offer complete programs.  Even now, persons who wish to do a Doctorate in Law or another degree travel to Europe.  After earning his law degree at the Université de Montréal (1943), Pierre Trudeau obtained a master’s degree in political economy at Harvard University‘s Graduate School of Public Administration.  He studied in Paris, France in 1947 at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris.  He also enrolled for a doctorate at the London School of Economics, but failed to finish his thesis (Pierre Trudeau, Wikipedia).

(please click on the picture to enlarge it)

Les Poètes maudits: Verlaine (far left), Rimbaud (second to left) depicted in an 1872 painting, by Henri Fantin-Latour

Les Poètes maudits or Accursed Poets

“Our minds were energized by the poètes maudits, who, far from being monsters of evil, dared to give loud and clear expression to feelings that the most wretched among us had always shamefully repressed for fear of being swallowed alive. The example of these men, who were the first to come to grips with everyday concerns about pain and loss, showed us the way. Their answers were so much more challenging, precise, and fresh than the age-old bromides being fed to us in Québec and in seminaries around the world.”

Borduas also mentions les poètes maudits (accursed poets).[iv]  He is referring to François Villon (c. 1431–1464), Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and, to a lesser extent, to Lautréamont and Alice de Chambrier.  Paul Verlaine published a book entitled Les Poètes maudits and the term has been used to describe works written in countries other than France.  Sir Alfred Hitchcock has been described as “the only poète maudit to encounter immense success.” (film director Jean-Luc Godard, in Poète maudit [Wikipedia]).  I should think the list of Poètes maudits would now include Sir Salman Rushdie (1947-).

Gérard Bessette’s Le Libraire (1960)

To understand to what degree Québécois bookstore owners were afraid of selling books listed in the Index, Gérard Bessette‘s Le Libraire (1960) is the novel one must read.  It is short, beautifully structured and clever.

_________________________

[i] Photo credit: National Gallery of Canada (Borduas) & Wikipedia (Fantin-Latour, Poète maudit)
[iî] Unless otherwise indicated, all quotations are from Refus global (Total Refusal), The Canadian Encyclopedia.
[iii] dates:
Index Librorum Prohibitorum: 1559 (Pope Paul IV) – 1966 (Pope Paul VI)
Lautréamont, le comte de: (4 April 1846 – 24 November 1870)
Sade, le marquis de: (2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814)
[vi] French poètes maudits of the nineteenth century abused drugs and alcohol.
 
© Micheline Walker
November 6th, 2012
WordPress
 
piece: « Hymn: Urbs Jerusalem, 4. AM 694b »
performers: Monastic Choir of the Abbey of Saint Pierre de Solesme,
director: Dom Joseph Gajard
 
 
 
 
Géranium, by Paul-Émile Borduas (1923)
NGC/GNC
(please click on picture to enlarge it)
Related articles
  • A Glance at “Refus global” & the News (michelinewalker.com)
  • The Art of Fantin-Latour & Canadiana (michelinewalker.com)
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A Note, a Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens & Books of Hours

05 Monday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Sharing

≈ 5 Comments

Tags

Book of Hours, Book of Kells, France, National Gallery, Peter Paul Rubens, Refus global, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, WordPress

Portrait of Susanna Lunden,* by Peter Paul Rubens

Photo credit:  The National Gallery, London UK

*When he was 53, Rubens married 16-year-old Hélène Fourment.  Susanna Lunden, née Fourment, was Hélène’s sister.

* * *

Just a few words before I continue to write about Refus global or Total Refusal 

Yesterday I received an e-mail in which I was informed that my e-mail account would be closed because I had exceeded the limit.  I thought the writer was referring to my personal e-mail account, but the bulky account was my gmail account.

I started reading the comments and realized I would be reading, approving and deleting for a long time.  I therefore deleted a large number of comments, many of which had also been published by WordPress.  But in the process, I learned who had subscribed to my blog.  These e-mails have not been deleted.

The moral of the story is that one should look at one’s gmail account on a regular basis.

I apologize to my readers whose comments may not have been posted.

Peter Paul Rubens: a Flemish Master

Peter Paul Rubens (June 28, 1577 – May 30, 1640) was active at a turning-point in European history.  Before the Renaissance, the Franco-Flemish lands were the cultural hub of Europe.  Adrian Willaert (1490 – 7 December 1562) went to Venice to teach music to the Italians!  Moreover, extraordinary miniaturists had illuminated (enluminures) books of hours that chronicled an entire era.  The Limbourg brothers ‘s Très Riches Heures de Jean de France, duc de Berry, or Belles Heures de Jean de France, is their foremost achievement.

I have written posts on Books of Hours (see list below), a lay version of the Canonical Hours kept by monks whose Gregorian chant is extremely rich. Vatican II, the Council that promulgated a degree a laicization of liturgy, such as using a modern language instead of Latin, had to make exceptions.  Gregorian chant was protected.

© Micheline Walker
5 November 2012
WordPress
 
music: Thomas Montgomery Newman (born October 20, 1955) 
 
Les Très Riches Heures de Jean de France, duc de Berry (17 November 2011)
The Book of Kells (November 18, 2011)
Music for the Très Riches Heures and the Book of Kells (19 November 2011)
The Fitzwilliam Book of Hours: comments, palimpsests (20 November 2011)
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A Glance at “Refus global” & the News

04 Sunday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Canada, United States

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

André Breton, Canadian Encyclopedia, Jansenism, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Paul-Émile Borduas, Refus global, United States, Wikipedia

 
Borduas’s Black Star

Refus global (Total Refusal)

I am working on perhaps two posts dealing with Refus global (1948).  Its author was Quebec artist Paul-Émile Borduas (November 1, 1905 – February 22, 1960). There were 16 signatories, listed in Refus global (Wikipedia).  Only 400 copies were published, selling for a dollar a piece, half of which did not sell.  Refus global says little about abstract art and André Breton‘s surrealist automatism, or stream of consciousness.  It’s about Quebec.

Here are links to the complete and very short text.
Refus global (l’intégral, en français)
Refus global or Total Refusal (text in English)
Refus global (The Canadian Encyclopedia‘s entry)
Images: please click on Paul-Émile Borduas
 

Refus global (Total Refusal) “was an anti-establishment and anti-religious manifesto released on August 9, 1948 in Montreal by a group of sixteen young Québécois artists and intellectuals that included Paul-Émile Borduas and Jean-Paul Riopelle.” (Refus global, Wikipedia)  I will quote a section (one paragraph) of Refus global that describes Québécois as the “priest-ridden” and economically downtrodden province it was called (the Church was rich, the people were poor).

The Church being the “repository” of “faith, knowledge, truth, and national wealth,” Québécois were kept unaware of “the universal progress of thought,” or in “complete ignorance” of the “progress of thought” or may have learned about it in an expurgated or “distorted” manner. The paragraph I am quoting provides a mere glance at Refus global, in its totality, but it is revealing.  However, the “establishment” is not confined to the Church.  Moreover, the manifesto mentions the influence of Jansenism and addresses such questions as ethnocentricity and fear (see the video).

“We are a small people huddling under the shelter of the clergy, who are the only remaining repository of faith, knowledge, truth, and national wealth; we were excluded from the universal progress of thought with all its pitfalls and perils, and raised, when it became impossible to keep us in complete ignorance, on well-meaning but uncontrolled and grossly distorted accounts of the great historical facts.” (Refus global in The Canadian Encyclopedia)

Early comments

I was a child in the province condemned by Borduas and fifteen other signatories.  At the time, nuns (sisters) were our teachers and boys and girls attended different schools.  The nuns, many of whom came from France, ours did, were so devoted to us.  They did not work from nine to five.  They were always preparing learning material for us and often used innovative teaching approaches.  They made sure we could study music for little or no money, and provided practice-rooms.  They played baseball with us.  They took us on outings: factories, etc.  They fed the children who arrived at school famished and, on cold days, they made sure we returned home dressed to face a blizzard.

The American Presidential Election

Thousands of New Yorkers must find temporary lodgings.  Sandy was the storm of a lifetime and a wake-up call regarding the environment.  How will voters get to polling stations?  It could well be that, compared to the Quebec of my childhood, a Republican administration might soon invite a much sterner Total Refusal than Borduas’s Refus global.  However, I would not dare underestimate the citizens of the United States of America as I would insult some of the finest minds in the world, beginning with President Obama.

The News

The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/
The New Yorker: http://www.newyorker.com/
The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://mondediplo.com/ EN
 
The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
The Montreal Gazette:  http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
 
CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/ ←
CTV News: http://www.ctvnews.ca/
 
Le Monde: http://www.lemonde.fr/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/
Le Devoir: http://www.ledevoir.com/
La Presse: http://www.lapresse.ca/
 
Die Welt: http://www.welt.de/ 
 
Micheline Walker©
November 4th, 2012
WordPress
 
 
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News & “Black Coffee,” 1st November 2012

01 Thursday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Uncategorized

≈ 5 Comments

Tags

Black Coffee, CBC News, CTV News, Ella Fitzgerald, Gazette, Le Devoir, New York Times, Quebec, Refus global, WordPress

Before completing my article on Refus global (1948), a document that indicted the institutions of old Quebec, the Church in particular, I am sending you the news.  Refus global (1948) was written during a period in Quebec’s history when the province was often referred to as the “priest-ridden” province.

My students read that document because I considered it a statement that ushered in Quebec’s Révolution tranquille.  It is now viewed as such in an official manner.

But first, allow me to send some News.

News

English
The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/
The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/
CNN: http://www.cnn.com/
Time Magazine: http://www.time.com/time/
Time Magazine: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2128304,00.html
The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
The Montreal Gazette: http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
 
CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/
CTV News: http://www.ctvnews.ca/
 
French
Le Monde: http://www.lemonde.fr/
Le Devoir: http://www.ledevoir.com/
La Presse: http://www.lapresse.ca/
 
German
Die Welt:  http://www.welt.de/
 
Title: Black Coffee (1948)
performer: Ella Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996)
composers:  Sonny Burke (the music), Paul Francis Webster (lyrics) 
 
Micheline Walker©
November 1st, 2012
WordPress
 
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