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Tag Archives: Raphael

A ministering angel thou!

13 Saturday Oct 2018

Posted by michelinewalker in Angels, Sharing

≈ 15 Comments

Tags

Jean-Pierre's death, Raphael

web3-st-raphael-the-archangel-suffering-tobias-god-heals-remedy-of-god-pd

The Archangel Raphael (Photo credit: Aleteia)

When pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou!

Sir Walter Scott
Marmion (1808)

Jean-Pierre died this morning.

Last night, the hospital provided little beds so his wife and my niece Marie-France could be with him.

I have now lost 16 siblings. Most died in infancy or early childhood of a congenital blood disease. Yet, we had a happy childhood. My mother was very proud of us. She entered Jean-Pierre in a contest. He won the most beautiful baby of the year award.

Our Belgian friend, Mariette Proumen, and my mother designed and sewed beautiful clothes for us. Mariette had been the wardrobe mistress of the Brussels Opera. Her husband, Henri Proumen, a jeweller, and my father invented a perpetual clock. They were as close as brothers. We learned Belgian French, but we were also students of madame Leclair, the best diction and drama teacher in the province of Quebec.

Life in the red-brick house was the best. We could see forever.

Raphael is the healer among Archangels. He rescued my brother whose death was truly merciful.

I thank all of you for being with me and with Jean-Pierre as he entered eternity.

Love to everyone  💕

RELATED POSTS

  • Comforting thoughts (13 October 2018)
  • About my brother.2… (30 September 2018)
  • Angels & Archangels: Michael, Lucifer… (30 November 2014)
angelstatuedirtygrayheaddowncreditShutterstockcom

Raphael (Google)

© Micheline Walker
13 Octobre 2018
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Feasts and Liturgy

29 Thursday Dec 2016

Posted by michelinewalker in Feasts, Liturgy, Middle Ages

≈ 6 Comments

Tags

Antiphons, Mariology, monophony, Palestrina, polyphony, Raphael

300px-raffael_026

Madonna della Sedia by Raphaël

Feasts and Liturgy

I just posted a page listing most of my posts on “Feasts & Liturgy.” It is not a complete list and some posts should be edited. At times, music is removed from YouTube, which makes an update necessary. However, unless posts are listed, they are difficult to access. One needs a list, and it is under construction.

Polyphony

This list reflects knowledge and interest I acquired as a student of the history of music, or musicology. The Greeks developed polyphony or music in “parts,” but polyphony developed during the Middle Ages. At the moment, the main ‘parts’ are Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass (SATB). But, as polyphony developed certain composers divided music into a larger number of parts.

If the development of polyphonic music were to be given a location, one of its best lieux would  be the Franco-Flemish lands, the cultural hub of Europe before the Renaissance, which began as of the Fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire, on 29 May 1453. Although the Franco-Flemish lands produced fine composers of polyphonic music, it also developed in various European countries such as France, Italian city-states, Spain…

Liturgical and Secular Music

Polyphony developed in medieval Europe, but, as we have seen, it is an invention of the Greek and is called Western Music. Music composed elsewhere had one part and it is called monophonic. The birthplace of polyphony is, for the most part, the Church. Such music is called liturgical (or sacred music) and it encompasses Motets, Masses, Hymns and many other form. The Church needed music, hence the preeminence of liturgical music in the very Christian Middle Ages and its association with the history of music.

Yet, polyphony also has secular roots, the Madrigal, in particular, songs in the mother (madre) tongue.

Monophony

Monophonic music features one part: the melody. Gregorian chant is monophonic and it has its own notation. Troubadours (southern France, trouvères (northern France) and the Minnesang (Germany) composed monophonic secular songs.

Conclusion

I look forward to completing this list and writing more on Feasts, providing some details.

The seasonal antiphon is the Alma Mater Redemptoris. There are four Marian antiphons. The Alma Mater Redemptoris will be sung until 2 February or Candlemas. The best known Alma Mater Redemptoris was composed by Palestrina (c. 1525 – February 1594).

Love to everyone ♥


Palestrina: Alma Redemptoris Mater (Julian Podger, Monteverdi Choir) – YouTube
(Julian Podger, Monteverdi Choir)

d8641890b64707ac9ef7f528c8a655d8

Madonna Sistine Chapel by Raphaël (detail)

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29 December 2016
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Titian, Bassano, Raphael &c

28 Monday Mar 2016

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Italy, Literature

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

Baldassare Castiglione, Bassano, Book of the Courtier, Court of Urbino, Raphael, Renaissance, Titian

08bembo

Pietro Bembo by Raphael, c. 1504, Szépmûvesti Museum (Photo credit: Web Gallery of Art)

Portrait of Pietro Bembo

c. 1504
Oil on wood, 54 x 69 cm
Szépmûvészeti Múzeum, Budapest

RAFFAELLO Sanzio

(b. 1483, Urbino, d. 1520, Roma)http://www.wga.hu/html_m/r/raphael/1early/08bembo.html
Web Gallery of Art

When I turned on my computer this morning, there were several entries on Pietro Bembo and several portraits and other images associated our Cardinal. I am glad my short post generated a search for portraits of Pietro Bembo. The internet’s search engines are very powerful and bloggers may be more useful than they seem.

The portrait of Pietro Bembo, shown above, is by Raphael (b. 1483, Urbino, d. 1520, Roma) or Raffaello Sanzio and it is housed at the Szépmûvészeti Múzeum, in Budapest. Yes, Raffaelo Sanzio was at the Court of Urbino, his birthplace and the birthplace of “l’honnête homme,” not to mention salons. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino produced a very beautiful portrait of Baldassare Castiglioni, the author of Il Cortegiano, or the Book of the Courtier (1528).

Baldassare_Castiglione,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched

Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, Louvre Museum (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Pietro Bembo is mentioned in Wikipeda’s entry on Baldassare Castiglioni. As for the “Portrait of a Man” it remains unidentified, but according to Britannica, Giovanni Bellini did produce a painting of Cardinal Pietro Bembo, named “Portrait of a Young Man.” Bellini also painted an identified portrait of the Doge Leonardo Loredan.

His [Giovanni Bellini’s] Doge Leonardo Loredan in the National Gallery, London, has all the wise and kindly firmness of the perfect head of state, and his Portrait of a Young Man (c. 1505; thought to be a likeness of the Venetian writer and humanist Pietro Bembo) in the British royal collection portrays all the sensitivity of a poet (Britannica).

08bembo

Pietro Bembo by Raphael, c. 1504, Szépmûvészti Museum (Web Gallery of Art)

 

portrait-of-a-young-man-1_jpg!HalfHD

Portrait of a Man by Giovanni Bellini (Web Gallery of Art)

Conclusion

At the moment, we have three identified portraits of Pietro Bembo: Titian’s, Bassano’s and Raphael’s. Bellini’s “Portrait of a Man” or “Portrait of a Young Man,” shows a young man resembling Pietro Bembo, which is inconclusive. Given that Raphael, Titian, Bassano and Giovanni Bellini made a portrait of the Cardinal, it seems, however, that he was a prominent figure during his lifetime.

The book I am writing, on Molière, includes discussions of l’honnête homme. I am also revisiting préciosité and the querelle des femmes. Women met in salons.

RELATED ARTICLES

  • Pietro Bembo: Titian or Bassano? (26 March 2016)
  • A Few Words on “Sprezzatura” (21 June 2012)
  • Il Cortegiano, or “l’honnête homme” (3 October 2011)

Raphael

Giovanni_Bellini,_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan - Copie

Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredam by Giovanni Bellini (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

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27 March 2016
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Thomas Hobbes on “Private Force”

15 Tuesday Jan 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, United States

≈ 13 Comments

Tags

Baldassare Castiglione, Barack Obama, Encyclopædia Britannica, Il Cortegiano, Leviathan, Raphael, Thomas Hobbes, United States, Urbino

Raphael
Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (detail), by Raphael, ca. 1514
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (6 April or 28 March 1483 – 6 April 1520; aged 37)
Photo credit:  Wikipedia
 

In his Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) opposes what we would call private militias.  The families he is speaking of are the Gonzaga family, who ruled Mantua, the Medicis, who ruled Florence, the Sforza family, the rulers of Milan and other rulers.

Niccolò Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) knew these factious city-states.  He had worked for the Medicis and witnessed a constant struggle for power, a “war of all against all” (Thomas Hobbes), hence his advice to the prince.  For Machiavelli, “the end justifie[d] the means.”  How could his prince survive other than by being a “fox?”  Machiavelli’s Prince was published in 1532.  (The Prince is a Gutenberg publication.)

Feuds Of Private Families
“In all Common-wealths, if a private man entertain more servants, than the government of his estate, and lawfull employment he has for them requires, it is Faction, and unlawfull. For having the protection of the Common-wealth, he needeth not the defence of private force. And whereas in Nations not throughly civilized, severall numerous Families have lived in continuall hostility, and invaded one another with private force; yet it is evident enough, that they have done unjustly; or else that they had no Common-wealth.” (Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Part II, xxii)

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes

The Leviathan was published in 1651.  So Hobbes’ foresight amazes me.  His analysis of society, here a divided society, is as insightful and valid today as it was in 1651.  I should think that the common denominator is human nature.  It doesn’t change.

Quebec

The US has militias and Canada has its indépendantistes.  Pierre Elliott Trudeau ended terrorism on the part of séparatistes in October 1970 when, at the request of the alarmed premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa, and the Mayor of Montreal, Jean Drapeau, he sent in the troops.  There had been deaths throughout the 1960s: bombs placed in mailboxes and during the October Crisis, Pierre Laporte, Quebec’s Minister of Labour, was kidnapped and killed.

However, former Quebec Premier Jean Charest (born John James Charest on June 24, 1958), a member of the federalist Liberal Party, was defeated by Pauline Marois’ Parti Québécois in the Quebec General Election, held on 4 September 2012.  So, there may be yet another referendum: “to separate” or “not to separate.”  I fully understand that we French-speaking Canadians should protect our heritage, but…

Faction

Canada is not about to enter into a Civil War.  The citizens of Quebec would not agree to this kind of disorder, but I no longer live in Hobbes’ “Common-wealth.”  It was bilingual, bicultural, hospitable and, under Pierre Elliott Trudeau leadership, “[t]here [was] no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation.”  (Omnibus Bill, 1967).  Quebec is a unilingual province.  Immigrants to Quebec have to learn French, which is not too problematical.  However, the citizens of Quebec must pay taxes to both the Quebec Government and the Federal Government and a Quebecker‘s  health-insurance card does not cover visits to a doctor outside Quebec. Fortunately, it covers hospitalization.  These restrictions would not exist if, in 1982, Quebec had signed the patriated Canadian Constitution.[i]  So, to a certain extent, Quebec is a country within a country.

The Commander-in-Chief

President Obama has been criticized for this and criticized for that, but President Obama is the kind of leader who allows not just the United States but the world to feel safer.  We breathed a huge sigh of relief when he was re-elected to the Presidency of the United States of America.  I’m not saying that he is perfect, no one is.  For instance, I would like him to be quite ruthless with respect to gun ownership and the presence of militias.  In other words, I would like him to use his authority as commander-in-chief of the armed forces to the fullest extent.

Let us hope, with respect to gun-control, that Congress will not be divided, but if it is, President Obama may have to use whatever mechanisms he may use as commander-in-chief to ensure the security of Americans.  Between the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the militias, the United States has armies within armies as well as its official armed forces, the only legitimate army.  A house divided…

Conclusion

Barack Obama was re-elected to the Presidency of the United States, despite near certainty on the part of members of the Republican Party that Mitt Romney would emerge a winner.  However, Americans knew that President Obama was the better candidate.  So I believe that the persons who have re-elected him also know that the better decision is to take the guns away and will support him in his effort to curb and perhaps end the massacres, the staggering number of deaths by gun and the presence of militias, Hobbes’ factious “private force.”

Related posts:
Machiavelli & Reynard the Fox (19/10/2011)
Il Cortegiano, or l’honnête homme (3/10/2011)[ii] 
The October Crisis: “Just Watch Me” (29/10/2012)
 
_________________________
[i] See “Patriation of the Constitution,” The Canadian Encyclopedia.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/patriation-of-constitution
[ii] Baldassare Castiglione  (6 December 1478 – 2 February 1529) wrote The Book of the Courtier (Il Cortegiano), published in 1528.
 
 
composer: Giuseppe Torelli (22 April 1658 – 8 February 1709)
piece: Concerto for 4 Violins in A Minor
performers: Musica Antique Koln
conductor: Reinhard Goebel
 

Machiavelli, by Santi di Tito

Machiavelli, by Santi di Tito

© Micheline Walker
15 January 2013
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Chiaroscuro: Shades & Shapes

21 Saturday Apr 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art

≈ Comments Off on Chiaroscuro: Shades & Shapes

Tags

Caravaggio, Chiaroscuro, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Encyclopædia Britannica, Georges de la Tour, Raphael, Rembrandt

Allegory, Boy Lighting Candle in Company of Ape and Fool by El Greco

Allegory, Boy Lighting Candle in Company of Ape and Fool by El Greco

El Greco (1541 – 7 April 1614)

This painting was inserted in my last post and was supposed to grow larger when one clicked on the picture.  It didn’t.  So I have reintroduced El Greco’s “Allegory” as it is a fascinating example of candlelight chiaroscuro.

Movements and Techniques

The above painting, by El Greco, born Doménikos Theotokópoulos, constitutes in fact an instance of the successful use of both chiaroscuro and the Golden section, but it is also an example of mannerism in painting.  Mannerism follows the High Renaissance painting of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) and it is a movement.  Chiaroscuro is not a movement.  It is a technique.

El Greco’s manneristic paintings are characterized by elongated and occasionally distorted elements, such as somewhat mishapen body limbs.  His paintings are also busy, which is not case with neo-classical works.  Moreover, in the painting featured above, El Greco uses a form of chiaroscuro, but mannerism, a movement, does not have to feature chiaroscuro.

Caravaggio (29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610)

Caravaggio (le Caravage) is the artist who introduced chiaroscuro, and there are degrees of chiaroscuro.  Tenebrism is its strongest expression.  I suspect, however, that the historical importance of Caravaggio lies more in his effort to give objects relief or dimensionality, which was a chief concern of Renaissance realism and which situates the introduction of chiaroscuro at a specific moment in history.

The moment is the Renaissance.  The Renaissance is its birthplace, as it is the birthplace of the point de fuite or the vanishing point.  But it remains that, as a technique, chiaroscuro will be a lasting legacy, as will the vanishing point and perspective in general, whereas movements will follow the whims of fashion.  To a large extent, chiaroscuro will in fact be a matter of choice, which differentiates it from perspective, a more permanent feature.  Yet, it remains a technique.

Other artists are associated with the use of chiaroscuro (light-dark, or vice-versa). The following is a quotation from the Encyclopædia Britannica: “The single most important painter in the tradition was the Frenchman Georges de La Tour, though echoes of Caravaggio’s style can also be found in the works of such giants as Rembrandt van Rijn and Diego Velázquez.” [i]

So there are forms of chiaroscuro.  There are paintings where a light emanating from a candle makes an area of the painting light.  Georges de La Tour uses this technique frequently, but he is not a mannerist.

Georges de La Tour (1593 – 1652)

The Newborn by Georges de la Tour (Photo credit: WikiArt.org)

The Newborn by Georges de La Tour
(Photo credit: WikiArt.org)

As indicated in the Encyclopædia Britannica, the use of chiaroscuro is prevalent in the paintings of Georges de la Tour (1593-1652).  But La Tour is a realist.  Moreover, here we are looking at the above-mentioned candlelight chiaroscuro.  On an excellent internet site devoted to La Tour’s realism, Misty Amanda Vandergriff, writes that La Tour is also considered “to be a follower of Caravaggio [29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610] due to his dependency on specific elements of the Caravaggesque style (most notably the use of chiaroscuro and tenebristic techniques).” [ii]
 
 
 

Contemporaries

Also associated with the use of chiaroscuro are Italian artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi (July 8, 1593–1652), Spanish artist Jusepe de Ribera and Dutch artists Gerrit van Honthorst and Dirck van Baburen.  Honthorst and Baburen were Utrecht artists.

Judith and her Maidservant  (1613-14) by Artemesia Gentileschi

Judith and her Maidservant
(1613-14) by Artemisia Gentileschi

In other words, the history of Fine Arts presents similarities with the history of literature and with history in general.  When Caravaggio introduced chiaroscuro, he was innovating.  Renaissance imperatives called for as faithful a depiction of reality as could be achieved.  This led to the development of certain techniques, some of which ended up overriding the moment and movements.

We have long left the Renaissance, but the use of chiaroscuro has lasted.  Moreover, we still have the grisaille, a monochrome, chrome meaning colour, form of chiaroscuro.  But, the time has come to close this post.  So let’s look at David’s use of chiaroscuro and also look at one of his grisailles and then walk away from the computer.

Jacques-Louis David (1748 – 1825)

Jacques-Louis David‘s (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) “Death of Marat” does indeed demonstrate the enduring usefulness of chiaroscuro.  “The Death of Marat” dates back to 1793.  The years had therefore made chiaroscuro one of many tools used by artists to achieve an aesthetic goal.  In the case of Jacques-Louis David’s depiction of the “Death of Marat,” chiaroscuro lends drama to David’s painting and serves to explain why “La Mort de Marat” is considered a masterpiece.  But, I am also including “Patroclus,” a grisaille by David, where chiaroscuro is achieved to a large extent by the use of a beam of light, another form of chiaroscuro.

Patroclus by Jacques-Louis David (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Patroclus by Jacques-Louis David (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

La Mort de Marat by Jacques-Louis David, 1793 (Photo credit: WikiArt.org

La Mort de Marat by Jacques-Louis David, 1793 (Photo credit: WikiArt.org)

[i] “Caravaggio,”  Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 20 Apr. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/94587/Caravaggio>.
 
[ii] Misty Amanda Vandergriff, “The Realism of Georges de la Tour” http://www.students.sbc.edu/vandergriff04/georgesdelatour.html
 

—ooo—

Georges de la Tour (1593-1652) 
Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791)
Requiem K 626
                      

Judith_and_MaidservantPitti

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April 21st, 2012
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The Golden Section

19 Thursday Apr 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art

≈ Comments Off on The Golden Section

Tags

Apostolic Palace, Golden, Golden ratio, Golden Section, Pythagoras, Raphael, School of Athens, Vatican City

The Golden Section

Raphael

In my last post, I mentioned the Golden section without inserting a link.  So, here go.

Students of art and architecture learn about the Greek Golden section. When it is first mentioned, they are intrigued. Have rules been applied to art?  At which point they start seeing the Golden section everywhere.

To the left is a detail from Raphael’s painting of Pythagoras’ “School of Athens” illustrating the Golden section. And the site to which I have linked us provides several other examples.

Most simply expressed a painting or building constructed in the shape of an off-centre crucifix (positioned vertically or horizontally, less the suffering body), utilizes the proportions of the Golden section.

There is nothing wrong with symmetry, the grounds and palace of Versailles being a good example of successful symmetry  Yet, it was very clever of Pythagoras to map out a work of art or architecture according to the Golden section. It does enhance “beauty.”

Perspective: The Vanishing Point

The painting above is a fresco (a wall painting) from which the above detail has been taken.  It illustrates the point de fuite (the vanishing point).  Renaissance artists learned to give depth to their works by creating a vanishing point.  The idea of perspective had entered the world of art.  Yet, in Raphael’s “School of Athens,” our Golden section is also used.  The arches are smaller at the back, conveying the impression of depth, but Raphael’s design also shows the ratio of the Golden Section.  Look carefully.

I leave you at this point, so I can finish a short blog on chiaroscuro.

Renaissance Musical Instruments: Keyboard Instruments / Ricercare Music

(please click on Renaissance to hear the music)
 
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19 April 2012
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