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Tag Archives: Paris

Paris Besieged: an “Assault on Reason”

12 Monday Jan 2015

Posted by michelinewalker in Extremism, Paris, Terrorism, The Middle East

≈ 10 Comments

Tags

assault on reason, Charlie Hebdo, Dammartin-en-Goële, freedom of expression, Hyper Cacher, Je suis Charlie, Jeddah, Paris, Raif Bawani, the Kouachi brothers, The Middle East

Francisco Goya

Francisco Goya, El sueño de la razón produce monstruos (The Sleep of Reason produces monsters), 1799, print N°43 of the Caprichos series (Museo nacional del Prado, Madrid). (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

I am using the above image for the third time, by choice. I cannot find a better picture than Goya’s 43rd print in his series of 80 prints entitled Los Caprichos. It is a fine illustration of what happened this past week in Paris and Jeddah.

A Tale of Two Cities

—Paris and Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)

It seems a tale of two cities.

This past week, Paris was besieged by Islamic extremists. Twenty persons are dead. The weekly Charlie Hebdo lost essential members of its staff. The paper will publish a survivors’ issue, a million copies, but it could be the last issue. Whatever the fate of Charlie Hebdo, the attack will remain an indelible page in the history of France.

But on 9 January 2015, two days after the Paris tragedy, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, former blogger Raif, or Raïf, Bawani was flogged publicly for having expressed, in his blog, a wish for more religious tolerance and individual freedom. Mr Bawani’s wife and three children are now living in Sherbrooke, Quebec. The massacre in Paris is by far the greater tragedy, but Mr Bawani’s family are refugees in Canada who live in my community.

“Je suis Charlie”

— I am Charlie; Dammartin-en Goële; and the Hyper Cacher

However, let us first look at the killings that shocked France and turned millions of individuals around the world into Charlie: Je suis Charlie (I am Charlie.)

Extremists Chérif and Saïd Kouachi first killed 12 persons in Paris. They got away temporarily and hid in a printing business, at Dammartin-en-Goële. Lilian Lepère, a 27-year-old graphic designer, was ordered to hide by the owner of the printing business, Michel Catalano.

However, hidden in a cardboard box under a sink, Lilian was texting information to the police and continued doing so after Michel Catalano left the building. Chérif and Saïd Kouachi were shot by the police at Dammartin-en-Goële. The police drove an armoured car into the building to free Lilian, still hiding in his cardboard box.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/lilian-lepere-hidden-under-sink-printworks

Meanwhile, in Vincennes, Amédy Coulibaly entered a kosher grocery store, the Hyper Cacher, took hostages, and killed four men, all Jewish, before the police could storm the grocery store. Amédy Coulibaly was killed.

The Flag of Jihad

The Flag of Jihad (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Extremism numbing “Reason”

It was a 54-hour ordeal the French will not forget. Their and our revered “liberty” had been attacked and innocent lives taken from the centre of Paris to Vincennes, just east of Paris. The French took to the streets holding up signs bearing a powerful slogan: Je suis Charlie (I am Charlie). The French were identifying with the victims. But suddenly, the slogan was repeated around the world. It was very cold in Quebec, but everywhere people were standing vigil. The world had been mobilised and there cannot be a greater indictment of extremism.

Extremists cannot think beyond a built-in ideology, which means that they cannot think. I heard the Kouachi brothers say that they were not killers, that the killers were the French and others who kill people in the Middle East. This is a quotation and a translation. Therefore, it is not a word for word quotation, but it is mostly accurate and it reveals that extremists and all haters cannot use reason. These men could not see the harm they had inflicted.

I don’t like the drone strikes, but according to the Canadian military, they are mostly targeted. However, it would be my opinion that the enemy is no longer an “ugly” American. It is extremism carried to the point of fanaticism and murder. Extremists are of one mind, a mind that numbs the mind and conscience. Consequently, the Paris killers are very poor candidates for martyrdom. Their status is the same as “Jihadi John,” or “Jailer John” who is “presumed” to have beheaded James Foley (19 August 2014), Steven Sotlov (2 September 2014), David Haines (13 September 2014), and Alan Henning (3 October 2014). Jihadi John is a cold-blooded assassin who makes his victims blame their country of origin: the US, Great Britain, and now: France, a symbol of liberty.

Al-Qaeda has claimed responsibility for the attacks in Paris, but the terrorists could have been the Taliban or IS. The United Nations has not defined “racism” per se, but it has defined racial discrimination, and it seems we are looking at naked “racial discrimination.”

“The United Nations use the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1966: any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.” (Part 1 of Article 1 of the U.N. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (See Racism, Wikipedia)

“Je suis Raif ”

— I am Raif

Last week, the wife of Raif Badawi, 31, was living a nightmare she could not share with her children. She was hoping her husband would be spared part of his ten-year sentence. He was to be flogged beginning 9 January 2015, and he was flogged.

As I wrote above, events in Paris dwarf Raif Badawi’s demise. He is a Muslim who had a weblog and, as I wrote above, advocated greater religious and personal freedom. He was arrested in 2012 on the grounds that he had insulted Islam and was sentenced to a ten-year term in jail, a fine of $266,000, and was to be flogged publicly 1,000 times, 50 blows at a time for a period of 20 weeks. The first whipping session took place on Friday, 9 January, and the second is scheduled for next Friday. So people were outdoors in the bitter cold holding up signs with the slogan: “Je suis Raif.”

http://www.lapresse.ca/la-tribune/actualites/201501/09/01-4833686-raif-badawi-a-recu-ses-premiers-coups-de-fouet.php?utm_categorieinterne=trafficdrivers&utm_contenuinterne=cyberpresse_B13b_sherbrooke_378_section_P

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30744693

What is Bashar al-Assad doing?

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/charlie-hebdo-attack-a-ceasefire-with-syrias-president-assad-may-help-to-turn-the-jihadi-tide-9963863.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/10338256

Conclusion

There are cultural differences between certain countries of the Middle East and the rest of the world, but these should stop where inhumanity begins. The events of the past week, cold-blooded killings in Paris and flogging in Jeddah are the epitome of what Al Gore called an “assault on reason.”

“El sueño de la razón produce monstruos”

My computer seems to be dying. The screen is grey. It was repaired, but to no avail. I hope this post will be published. I started writing it on 8 January.

My kindest regards to all of you.

—ooo—

Philippe Jarousski, countertenor, sings Henry Purcell‘s “O let me weep,” from The  Fairy-Queen

Tombeau du chanoine Luc Gillain, cathédrale d'Amiens

The Weeping Angel of Amiens (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

© Micheline Walker
10 January 2015
WordPress

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David Haines: the Third Man

16 Tuesday Sep 2014

Posted by michelinewalker in Terrorism, The Middle East

≈ Comments Off on David Haines: the Third Man

Tags

a demented terrorist, Alan Henning, Bashar al-Assad, David Haines, Fuad Masum, Garamantes, Paris

President Barack Obama

United States President Barack Obama

It’s very early and I have not heard or read the latest news.

Yesterday, world leaders met in Paris to deal with the crisis in the Middle East. Fuad Masum, the President of Iraq, was in attendance. However, Bashar al-Assad, the President of Iran, did not join the group.

The Strikes

The strikes have not helped. Drones spare lives among the military, but civilians are at risk. Moreover, it appears that flying in elite commandos and a military escort would further endanger the lives of the detainees. All of them may be killed.

Diplomacy

As for diplomacy, if Bashar al-Assad does not attend a meeting of world leaders, a diplomatic resolution may not be possible. Terrorists are not a country and there is no Islamic State.

A Slight Shift

The crisis has shifted, slightly. David Haines, a British aid worker was beheaded on 14 September 2014 and the man in black, left-handed “Jihadi John,” is preparing to slaughter Alan Henning, a 47-year-old British volunteer. Before he was beheaded, David Haines said that he was the victim of America’s allies. In other words, President Obama (G. W. Bush) and David Cameron (Tony Blair), the prime minister of the United Kingdom, were at fault. Who’s holding the knife?

“Jihadi John”

“Jihadi John” has now murdered 3 men in cold blood. He has therefore demonstrated that he is incapable of feeling remorse. I should think he can now be considered a demented terrorist attracting to the Middle East individuals like himself. Apparently, he has been identified, but how does one bring him to justice?

Squatters

There is no Islamic State. Consequently, it would be my understanding that Bashar al-Assad is allowing squatters on his territory: Syria. To my knowledge Isis is killing journalists and aid workers in Syria. Is Syria not protecting its borders?

Criminals, not Muslims

I think it would be prudent not to look upon the terrorists as Muslims. That would be an insult to Islam and very wrong. Isis members are a group of criminals, and criminals are criminals. So far, the strikes have not deterred Isis and are unlikely to do so, which takes us back to a diplomatic resolution and to Bashar al-Assad. Inferno!

Adults, not quite: Fanatics

As my father would have said: “Let them sort it out among themselves. They’re adults.” Indeed, countries in the Middle East are quite capable of looking after themselves. However, these fanatical “adults” have hostages who will be slaughtered if the world does not negotiate their release. Moreover, there is a civil war in Syria. Adults?

—ooo—

We are now going back to our dogs and other beasts, real or imagined. There was a king Garamantes and a kingdom of Garamantia (see National Geographic). The king, his people (Berbers), and his valiant dogs—we are looking at medieval dogs—lived in southwestern Libya. Although the people of Garamantia had devised a sophisticated irrigation system, their territory turned into part of the Sahara desert.

RELATED ARTICLE: Dogs, a long time ago (12 September 2014)

There are websites dedicated to the Garamantes (see Temehu).

Garamante.3imagesGaramantes (Photo credit: Egypt Search, both)

images7Z080GP9

© Micheline Walker
September 16, 2014
WordPress

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Manet, “Japonisme” and Modernism

08 Monday Jul 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Japonism

≈ 10 Comments

Tags

Academic art, Édouard Manet, Hokusai, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Japonism, Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, Manet, Paris, Salon, William-Adolphe Bouguereau

640px-Hokusai_portraitKatsushika Hokusai, in an 1839 self-portrait (Photo credit: Hokusai, Wikipedia)

As of Édouard Manet’s “modernity,” there occurred a gradual decline of academic art. The nude women of Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) did not quite belong. Symbolism had therefore entered the visual arts. At first glance, this painting seemed a “realist” work, consistent with Gustave Courbet‘s art, but it wasn’t. The academicists, Alexandre Cabanel and William-Adolphe Bouguereau, who excluded it from the Salon of 1863, the regular exhibition of Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts, must have sensed what Victor Hugo had sensed when he first read Baudelaire’s Fleurs du mal, (The Flowers of Evil.) Hugo called Baudelaire’s collection of poems a ‘nouveau frisson’ (a new shudder, a new thrill)[i] in literature. (See Les Fleurs du mal [The Flowers of Evil], Wikipedia.)

James Abbott McNeill Whistler‘s “Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl ” was also rejected by academicists. Whistler was introducing impressionism and Japonism, which, Whistler’s case, would be called the Anglo-Japanese style. After leaving the United States, Whistler spent some time in France, but soon settled in England.

Both Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’herbe and Whistler’s Symphony in White were “different,” so both were shown at the 1863 Salon des Refusés.[ii]  Émile Zola stated that “[b] eauty [was] no longer an absolute, a preposterous universal standard,”[iii] and, in 1886, he published L’Œuvre (The Masterpiece), a novel inspired by the rejection of Manet’s “Masterpiece.” That same year, Jean Moréas published the Symbolist Manifesto.

Our Japanese artists are:

  • Kitagawa Utamaro (c. 1753 – 31 October 1806),
  • Katsushika Hokusai (c. 31 October 1760 – 10 May 1849)  and
  • Utagawa Hiroshige (1797 – 12 October 1858).

398px-23_-_The_Sea_off_Satta

394px-03_-_Sukiyagahsi

View of Mount Fuji from Satta Point in the Suruga Bay, published posthumously (1859)

Sukiyagahsi in the Eastern Capital, from “Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji” Utagawa Hiroshige, (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
 
(Please click on the images to enlarge them.)
 

Modernisme

Manet’s inclusion in a painting such as the deceitfully realist Déjeuner sur l’herbe of elements that did not seem to belong and did not belong, and Japonisme contributed to the ultimate acceptance of different styles, a multitude of “isms.” How else could Art Nouveau, Post-Impressionism (Van Gogh),[iv] Cubism (Picasso), Intimism,  (Modernism  [EN]), etc.have emerged? The unexpectedly enigmatic art of Manet and Japonism ushered in the degree of acceptance that characterizes modernism. In fact, Japonism was a tidal wave.

By the same token, there occurred an equally unexpected integration of various arts and crafts: musical, visual, etc. There was collaboration between stage decorators, composers, literary figures and various “artists.” Sergei Diaghilev‘s Ballets Russes employed major artists, including Pablo Picasso. Russian painter Léon Bakst was the Ballets Russes’ stage- and costume designer. Sergei Diaghilev also employed soon-to-be major composers: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Igor Stravinsky, etc. (For lists of artists and musicians who worked for Diaghilev, see Ballets Russes, Wikipedia.)

In other words, although there had to be exceptions, beginning with Manet and Japonisme, the world of art broadened. Modernism, starting with Impressionism, inaugurated greater diversity. A list may be useful.

  • Æstheticism (British art for art’s sake): James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, etc.;
  • artwork that is precise rather than “impressionistic” and “suggestive,” i.e. the art of members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood: Edward Burne-Jones, William Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John William Waterhouse, etc.;
  • decorative arts, i.e. the Arts and Crafts movement: William Morris, John Ruskin, etc.;
  • Art Nouveau, curvy and sensual, whose most acclaimed representative is Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, etc.;
  • illustrators: Anne Anderson, Aubrey Beardsley, Ivan Bilibin, Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane, Edmund Dulac, Kate Greenaway, Beatrix Potter, Arthur Rackham, John Tenniel, etc.;
  • posters, many of which reflect Japonisme or Orientalisme, in general, i.e. Toulouse-Lautrec, Théophile Steinlen, etc.;
  • Japonisme (Toulouse-Lautrec, Mary Cassatt)
  • interior decoration: La Maison Jansen, a Paris-based decorative office, founded in 1880 by Dutch-born Jean-Henri Jansen, Tiffany, design;
  • Post-Impressionism and other “isms.”

In other words, as I wrote at the beginning of this post, rule-governed academic art simply faded out. But there’s more…

“Views,” or the Japanese Hours

As well, some Japanese prints depicted “hours” of the day. In traditional Japan, hours had been associated with an animal. There were twelve hours: the Rat, the Ox, the Tiger, the Hare, the Dragon, the Serpent, the Horse, the Sheep, the Monkey, the Rooster, the Dog and the Boar. (See Horloge japonaise traditionnelle, Wikipedia.) These prints reminded me of Benedict’s Canonical Hours. “Hours,” or equivalent observances, existed before Western monasticism. They in fact still exist, not only in Western culture, but also in other cultures and religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Janeism. (See Monasticism, Wikipedia.)

As for “Views” or “Famous Places” (meisho), they sometimes resemble genre art, or art portraying persons going about their daily activities. Hokusai‘s Thirty-six Views of Mount Fugi and Hiroshige‘s One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, both meisho (“famous places”) pieces, bring to mind the miniatures of Jean de France’s Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, illuminated by the Limbourg brothers and showing the labours of the months. Hiroshige’s series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo is divided into seasons, which takes us back to the calendar, no banal invention.

RELATED POSTS

  • Canonical Hours or the Divine Office
  • Books of Hours, a Rich Legacy
  • Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
  • The Fitzwilliam Book of Hours: comments, palimpsests
 
HOKUSA~1
 

Netsuke-Workshop-large

Sarumaru Dayu, from the ‘Hyakunin Isshu Ubaga Etoki’
A Netsuke Worshop, from the ‘Hyakunin Isshu Ubaga Etoki’
Katsushika Hokusai
(Photo credit: Hokusai Wikipedia and Hokusai, The Complete Works)
(Please click on the images to enlarge them.)

_________________________

[i] Wikipedia (Manet) contains a fuller commentary.

[ii] “Frissonner” means to shiver.

[iii] There were other Salons des Refusés (1874, 1875, and 1886) but it did not become an annual exhibition. The 1863 Salon des refusés was decreed by Napoléon III. (See Salon des Refusés, Wikipedia)

[iv] According to Wikipedia, the “term [Post-Impressionism] was coined by British artist and art critic Roger Fry, in 1910, to describe the development of French art since Manet.”

Manet’s “Déjeuner sur l’herbe” (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863
(Photo credit: Déjeuner sur l’herbe, Wikipedia)
(Please click on the image to enlarge it.)
 758PX-~1 
   
© Micheline Walker
8 July 2013
WordPress
 
Related articles
  • Katsushika Hokusai: Beauty (michelinewalker.com)
  • Édouard Manet’s Modernity (michelinewalker.com)
  • Édouard Manet: Enigmas (michelinewalker.com)
  • Utamaro’s Women & Japonisme (michelinewalker.com)
  • Utagawa Hiroshige: a “Human Touch” (michelinewalker.com)
  • William Merritt Chase: Japonisme in America (michelinewalker.com)

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The Liebster Award

20 Thursday Jun 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Awards

≈ 24 Comments

Tags

Adolf Hitler, Antonio Canova, Liebster Award, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Paris, Vincent van Gogh

Irises, by Vincent van GoghIris, by Vincent van Gogh, 1889
 
Photo credit: Wikimedia
Vincent van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890)
 

Thank You “dearkitty”

To my surprise, I was also nominated for the Liebster Award.  For this nomination, I have dearkitty to thank.  Thank you dearkitty.  May life be generous to you.

rules:
http://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2013/04/24/liebster-award-thank-you-tazein/

lliebester-award

About myself

1.  I go to bed early and rise early.

2.  I miss my mother.  She died in 2003.

3.  Privacy is important to me.

4.  I wanted to be an architect.

5.  I need a room of my own.

6.  I do my best to understand others, but I do not understand extremist Republicans.

7.  If something is broken, I get it fixed quickly.

8.  I pray for peace on earth.

9.  Home is my centre.

10. I enjoy doing watercolours, drawing, listening to music…

11. I believe we should all respect one another.

My Answers are

1.  Have you ever seen a dinosaur in a museum?

Never.

2.  If so, what species was it?

I didn’t visit a dinosaur museum.

3.  Which person, dead now, would you like to meet, if it would be possible?

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

4.  Which person, dead now, would you not like to meet, even if it would be possible?

Adolf Hitler.

5.  What is your favourite city?

Paris, France.

6.  What is your favourite area of natural beauty?

An enclosed garden in Countainville, Normandy.

7.  What is your favourite painting?

“Vase of Flowers with Fruit,” by Jacques-André Portail.

8.  What is your favourite sculpture?

Psyche revived by Cupid’s Kiss, by Antonio Canova

9. If you could travel in a spacecraft, to where in space would you like to go?

Heaven.

10. What is your favourite food?

Bread.

11. What was/is your favourite subject at school?

History.

My  Eleven Questions

1.  If you have or had a cat, do  you or would you allow the cat to walk on the countertop?

2.  Do you manage to fill every hour of the day, except sleeping hours?

3.  Have you travelled to one of the Greek Islands?

4.  What do you fear most?

5.  Who is your favourite detective: Hercule Poirot, Columbo, or… ?

6.  Does it upset you to share a meal with a noisy eater: slurps, talks with food in mouth… ?

7.  How often do you take a walk?

8.  Do you watch “Dancing with the Stars” (US television)?

9.  Has something happened to you that remains a secret?

10. If I say “green,” what comes to your mind?

11. Have you read Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina?

My Nominees are

Please do not feel you have to accept this nomination.  It seems to me that you should be able simply to let people know you have been nominated.  My wish is to let my readers know just how much they mean to me and that I love them all, as do their WordPress colleagues.

1.  CollTales

2.  louvain95

3.  teapartyslayer

4.  iamforchange’s blog

5.  silkannthreades

6.  Bite Size Canada

7.  Writing Between the Lines

8.  Kate Shrewsday

9.  Clanmother

10. Stefania’s

11. Northierthanthou

Francis Poulenc (7 January 1899 – 30 January 1963 [France])
Sonate pour flûte (2nd mvt)
Emmanuel Pahud, flute (b. 1970)
Eric Le Sage, piano (b. 1964)

imagesCALMA3RH

© Micheline Walker
10 June 2013
WordPress
 
Fishing Boats on the Beach at Saintes-Maries,
by Vincent van Gogh, 1888
(Photo credit: Wikipedia)

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Filles du Roy, encore…

08 Monday Apr 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, France

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

bonne faiseuse, cul de couvent, Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale, Filles du Roy, Heather Dale, King's Daughters, Louis XIV of France, Molière, New France, Paris, Pierre Goubert, W. H. Lewis

Filles du Roy

Jean Talon, Bishop François de Laval and several settlers welcome the King’s Daughters upon their arrival.  Painting by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale.

Filles du Roy

My colleague tkmorin has written about the Filles du Roy, the King’s Daughters, women who were sometimes considered filles de joy.  Between 1663 and 1763, some 500 to 900 women were sent to New France (Nouvelle-France) so men did not have to marry Amerindian women.  Doubt lingers about these women.  Some are considered filles de joy: filles du roy, filles de joie.  However, my colleague is right, these women came from convents and, once they arrived in New France, they were trained to be “good wives” to settlers by Ursuline sisters, in Quebec City, and sisters of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, a Montreal religious order founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys.

Fille du Roy and Congrégation de Notre-Dame sisters

Fille du Roy

Allow me to add a note on this subject.

In seventeenth-century France, it was of the utmost importance for the nobility to be in Paris.  France was ruled not by Dukes, the highest rank among the nobility, and other aristocrats, but by chief ministers: Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642) and Mazarin (14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661).  Aristocrats therefore feared losing power.  Consequently, they lived close to court and they rebelled.  La Fronde (des nobles and des parlements) was a series of civil wars that took place in France between 1648 and 1653.

To be seen by the king

When Louis XIV ascended the throne, in 1661, after Mazarin death, aristocrats were further humiliated.  Louis refused to have a chief minister:  “L’État, c’est moy.” As for members of his Conseil d’en haut (FR), en haut meant upstairs at Versailles, they were not members of the aristocracy.  Louis’s closest advisors, le Conseil d’en haut, were members of the bourgeoisie.

Aristocrats therefore made sure they had a home in Paris as well as a carriage and fine horses.  They wore clothes that had been purchased from the “bonne faiseuse,” (designer clothes or the right brand of clothes [faiseur; faiseuse: maker]) so they would be allowed at court.  The term “bonne faiseuse” is used in Molière’s Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659).  Louis XIV lived publicly and according to a protocol.  It was a privilege for courtiers to be present when Louis got up in the morning, le petit lever et le grand lever, and when he went to bed: the petit coucher, le grand coucher.

Impoverishment of France’s aristocracy

Therefore, as mentioned in an earlier article, the seventeenth century saw a gradual impoverishment of France’s aristocracy, which made it increasingly difficult for the nobility to provide dowries for several daughters.  Moreover, there were affluent bourgeois who wanted a daughter to marry an aristocrat so they would leave the bourgeoisie, but could not afford to endow more than one daughter.  Impoverished aristocrats marrying middle-class women did so in order to live in a style befitting their rank.  In fact, marrying the right bourgeois could also be very expensive.  Many were rich and some, very rich.

Social Climbing

Molière’s Bourgeois gentilhomme, The Middle-Class Aristocrat (10 October 1670), provides a fine example of a bourgeois, monsieur Jourdain, who wants his daughter to marry an aristocrat so he will be an aristocrat.  In order to marry Lucille, Jourdain’s daughter who loves him, Cléonte has to stage a turquerie, a play-within-a-play designed to fool monsieur Jourdain into believing his daughter is marrying the son of the Sultan of Turkey.  We already know about turqueries.

For many of these young women, relegated to a cul de couvent, the hellhole of a convent,[i] going to New France was their chance to live a normal life.  So far from being filles de joie, some filles du roy were almost literally filles du roy.  Others were the daughters of a bourgeois who had paid so dearly for marrying a daughter to an aristocrat or an affluent bourgeois that other daughters had to enter a convent or marry “sans dot,” without a dowry, a husband who may not have been of their choosing.  Moreover, there were poor bourgeois and orphaned or illegimate daughters who also had to be given an inexpensive roof: a convent.

Conclusion

So the Filles du Roy were not filles de joie.  They came from convents.  What they did not know is that they would live a difficult life in New France as would, two hundred years later, English-Canadian Susannah Moodie (6 December 1803 – 8 April 1885).  When I first read Margaret Atwood‘s Journals of Susannah Moodie, I thought of the filles du roy.

Sources

  • Pierre Goubert, Louis XIV et vingt millions de Français [Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen] (Paris: Fayard, coll. Pluriel, 2010 [1966])
  • W. H. Lewis, The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1957 [1953]). 

_________________________

[i] The term is used in Molière’s L’École des femmes (1662).

Fille Du Roy by Heather Dale & French-Language video

 
Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV of France

Related articles
  • Hillary Clinton and Angelina Jolie both? (tkmorin.wordpress.com)
  • Filles du Roy — King’s Daughters (delmars.com)
  • Richelieu & Nouvelle-France (michelinewalker.com)
  • The Carignan de Salières Regiment (michelinewalker.com)

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Henri Matisse: an Eclectic Modernist

04 Thursday Apr 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Art

≈ 9 Comments

Tags

Académie Julian, Alice B. Toklas, Fauvism, George Gershwin, Gertrude Stein, Henri Matisse, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Paris, Philip Scott Johnson, William-Adolphe Bouguereau

The Maid, by Matisse

The Maid, by Matisse (1896)

Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954; aged 84) was one of the most famous artists of the 20th century.  He was trained at the Académie Julian where he was a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau.  He was also a student of Symbolist Gustave Moreau at the École des Arts Décoratifs, in Paris.  His first works are therefore traditional.  For instance, the above painting is a genre painting.  Genre paintings show people engaged in every day activities.  Matisse’s Maid, is in fact reminiscent of Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin.  Matisse was also influenced by Nicolas Poussin (17th century) and Antoine Watteau (18th century).

As an academic painter, Matisse earned recognition from the start.  In 1896, the year he painted his Maid, he was elected an associate member of the Salon – academic – society.  Moreover, his Woman Reading (1894), shown in the gallery below, was purchased by the government.  However, Matisse’s artistic orientation broadened when he visited Australian artist John Peter Russell who had settled with his wife at Belle-Île, off the coast of Brittany.  Russell knew Vincent van Gogh and Claude Monet, which could explain the Fauvist period of Matisse’s life.  Fauvism is characterized by the use of vivid colours.  But, generally speaking, Matisse was an eclectic modernist.  His training as an academic painter served him well, as did the year he spent in England studying the works of J. M. W. Turner.  Matisse’s paintings also reflect the influence of Japanese and Islāmic art but, above all, they stem from an inner and very personal vision.  Artists are influenced by what they are seeking.

Fauvism: Le Salon d’automne, 1905

However, Matisse is linked with an art movement called Fauvism.  Following his trip to Belle-Île, Matisse turned to vibrant colours.  In 1905, he showed Woman with a Hat at the Salon d’Automne.  The Salon d’Automne is an annual art exhibition held in Paris France since 1903.  Woman with a Hat, a portrait of his wife Amélie, brought criticism to Matisse.  After visiting the Salon d’Automne “Paris critic Louis Vauxcelles called the group les fauves (“the wild beasts”), and thus Fauvism, the first of the important “isms” in 20th-century painting, was born.  Almost immediately Matisse became its acknowledged leader.”[i]  Other “fauvistes” are André Derain, its co-founder, and Maurice de Vlaminck.

Woman with a Hat,  1905

Woman with a Hat, 1905

By 1905, “Matisse’s studies led him to reject traditional renderings of three-dimensional space and to seek instead a new picture space defined by movement of colour. He exhibited his famous Woman with the Hat (1905) at the 1905 exhibition. In this painting, brisk strokes of colour—blues, greens, and reds—form an energetic, expressive view of the woman. The crude paint application, which left areas of raw canvas exposed, was appalling to viewers at the time.”[ii]  Matters were remedied when Gertrude Stein and brother Leo bought the painting which is now the property of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. 

The foremost patron and promoter of Henri Matisse’s art was Sarah Stein, Michael Stein’s wife.  As for Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) and Alice B. Toklas (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967), they had a salon, 27, rue de Fleurus, to which artists and art collectors flocked on an appointed day, Saturday I believe.  In 1928, when he was composing An American in Paris, George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 –  July 11, 1937) noted that “[his] purpose here [was] to portray the impression of an American visitor in Paris as he strolls about the city and listens to various street noises and absorbs the French atmosphere.” (See An American in Paris, Wikipedia.)  In the 1920s, Gershwin had been a student of famed pianist, composer and teacher Nadia Boulanger (16 September 1887 – 22 October 1979).  

Americans in Paris: Gertrude Stein & brothers 

At that time in the history of art, the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, the beau monde of the United States, Hemingway and others, lived in Paris, some, on an almost permanent basis, others, as frequent visitors.  The Cone (Kahn – Guggenheimer) sisters, Claribel and Etta, visited Paris at every chance and were generous patrons and collectors of modern art.  Ironically, the success of modernist artists in France is inextricably linked to America’s Gilded Age and the years preceding the Great Depression.  Matisse would soon break from Fauvism and adopt black as a colour.  However, as of his Woman with a Hat and the support of Paris’ American colony, he had become an established artist, which gave him some freedom.  He lived in relative affluence for the rest of his life, wintering in southern France and traveling.

Alice B. Toklas

On a sadder and somewhat extraneous note, among possessions Matisse’s first American patron, Gertrude Stein, bequeathed to Alice B. Toklas, were works of art, including Picassos.  Because Gertrude and Alice were not married, the Stein family repossessed her collection when its value started to rise.  According to Wikipedia, “Stein’s relatives took action to claim them, eventually removing them from Toklas’s home while she was away on vacation and placing them in a bank vault.” (See Alice B. Toklas, Wikipedia.)  Alice was not compensated and died in poverty, which should not have been the case.  However, she is buried next to Gertrude in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Matisse’s Last Days

Beginning in 1941, Matisse was in poor health and confined to a bed or a wheelchair.  He continued to paint sometimes using a stick to which a pencil or brush was attached.  He was cared for “by a faithful Russian woman who had been one of his models in the early 1930s, he lived in a large studio in the Old Hôtel Regina at Cimiez, overlooking Nice.”[iii]

Tiny Gallery

(Please click on the images to enlarge them.)

branch-of-lillacs-1914Crockery on a Table

Woman Reading

44135-004-8760E58D

 
Branch of Lilacs, 1914
Crockery on Table, 1900
Woman Reading, 1896 (bought by the government)
Luxe 1, 1907 
 
Photo credit: Google and Wikipaintings (Lilacs)

_________________________

[i] “Henri Matisse”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 03 Apr. 2013
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369401/Henri-Matisse>.

[ii] “Fauvism”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 03 Apr. 2013
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202866/Fauvism>.

[iii] “Henri Matisse”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 03 Apr. 2013
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369401/Henri-Matisse>.

Not only has Philip Scott Johnson made the lovely video we saw on 3 April 2013, on Picasso, but he has made a series of videos, one of which is on Matisse.  The music is Debussy‘s Arabesque No. 1 in E Major, performed by Peter Schmalfuss, piano.

Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas

Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas

© Micheline Walker
April 4, 2013
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The Louisiana Purchase Treaty

19 Monday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in United States

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

France, Louis Jolliet, Louisiana, Louisiana Purchase, Monroe Doctrine, Napoleon, Paris, United State

Ceremony at Place d’Armes, New Orleans* marking transfer of Louisiana to the United States, 10 March 1804, as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup.

*Jackson Square
Thure de Thulstrup (April 5, 1848 – June 9, 1930), born Bror Thure Thulstrup
Photo Credit: Wikipedia
 

France controlled this vast area from 1699 until 1762, the year it gave the
territory to its ally Spain. Under Napoléon Bonaparte, France took back the
territory in 1800 in the apparent hope of building an empire in North America.  Here are the main dates:

Louisiana Purchase Treaty: 30 April 1803

  • The territory Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, S.J. (a Jesuit) explored in 1673 and claimed for France would be controlled by France from 1699 until 1762.[i]
  • In 1762, the French gave the territory to Spain.
  • Napoleon took it back in 1800, hoping to build an Empire in North America.
  • Three years later, in 1803, Napoléon sold Louisiana to the United States.

In 1673, explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled down the Mississippi to within 435 miles (700 kilometers) of the Gulf of Mexico and claimed both sides of the River (all the way to the Rocky Mountains) for France.  The territory was given to Spain in 1762, but reclaimed by Napoléon in 1800.

However, a mere three years after the territory was reclaimed by France, it was sold to the United States for 15 million dollars.  The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30, 1803 during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826), the third President of the United States.  The Treaty’s main American negotiator was Robert R. Livingstone, then US Minister to France.  This is what he had to say after the Treaty was signed:

We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives… From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.

(please click on the picture to enlarge it)

Louisiana (green overlay)

The Story

Upon learning that Napoléon sold Louisiana, one is baffled.  Moreover, given that Napoléon sold it for 15 million dollars, one can easily jump to the conclusion that Napoléon knew nothing about real estate and made terrible mistakes on both sides of the Atlantic.  Yet, it may be that Bonaparte did what he had to do.

When the US approached Napoléon, which it did, all it was asking for was a right of way or a strip of land to the south of Louisiana which would have linked the eastern part of the current United States to its western part.  The US was somewhat landlocked.  However, Napoléon reflected that the United States could buy not only the very south of Louisiana, but all of it, for what we would call “peanuts,” i.e. very little money.

In fact, one wonders whether or not Napoléon had discussed the matter with Talleyrand.  Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent, then prince de Talleyrand (1754–1838), was Napoléon’s éminence grise or right-hand man.  Well, Talleyrand actually negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Treaty.

It would appear that Napoléon needed to purchase ships so he could conquer the world, with the exception of what would become the United States of America.  Fifteen million dollars could buy him a fleet.  It also appears France had debts to repay. However, we cannot exclude early warning signs of the development of the rather pompous “Manifest Destiny.”  In the not-so-distant future, the territory France sold would probably have been conquered by an expansionist United States, in which case France would have lost Louisiana.  It at least earned itself a consolation prize.

(please click on the picture to enlarge it)

Louisiana extending to the Rocky Mountains

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

For instance, on December 2, 1823, the United States introduced a policy known as the Monroe Doctrine, after President James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831).  The Monroe Doctrine was a document authored by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) who succeeded James Monroe as President of the United States (POTUS) between 1825 and 1829.  The document stated that European countries, or any other country for that matter, could no longer colonize South or North America.  Could he have been so bold had the US been considerably smaller?  I doubt it.

Therefore, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, signed on April 30, 1803, may have led, in part, to a somewhat inflated view on the part of the United States concerning its place among nations.  When Livingstone stated that “[f]rom this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank,” he was giving the US a glorious future. I do not know whether or not this notion has been expressed in textbooks on the history of the United States, but by selling Louisiana, Napoléon played a major role in empowering the United States of America.

Conclusion

In 1763, under the of Treaty of Paris, France chose to keep Guadeloupe and ceded Canada, Acadie and territory east of the Mississippi to the British.  Later, in 1803, under the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, at fifteen million dollars, France chose to “give,” or nearly so, Louisiana to the United States.  

Père Marquette and Louis Jolliet would have felt betrayed by the Treaty of Paris (1763)and the Louisiana Purchase Treaty.  Napoléon Bonaparte removed from North America all that was left of France’s presence on the North-American continent, a continent French explorers, missionaries and Canadiens voyageurs had opened in its near totality, or almost.

* * *

Paris at the very end of April is a delightful city.  All that was old is new again.  But Mr Livingstone, with all due respect, could you really tell your fellow nation crafters that acquiring Louisiana was “the noblest work of [y]our whole lives?”  I would agree, however, that April 30, 1803 was a very fine day in the history of the United States of America and that all parties involved had something to gain, except for the people whose motherland ceased to be France, for better of for worse, with the stroke of a pen.

Territories Gained by the United States

Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River; most of North Dakota; most of South Dakota; northeastern New Mexico; northern Texas; the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans; and small portions of land that would eventually become part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

RELATED ARTICLES:
French Canadians in the United States (November 14, 2012) 
Missionaries and the Noble Savage: Père Marquette & Gabriel Sagard (November 17, 2012)
The “Manifest Destiny” & the News (November 18, 2012)
 
_________________________ 
[i] Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet http://library.thinkquest.org/4034/marquettejolliet.html  
 
Micheline Walker©
November 19th, 2012
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The Art of Alexandre Benois & the News

15 Saturday Sep 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Alexandre Benois, Bronze Horseman, Hermitage Museum, Paris, Peter Ustinov, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Sergei Diaghilev

 

Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St. Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea, by Alexandre Benois

Photo credit: Alexandre Benois, Wikipedia 
 

Alexandre or Alexander Benois (3 May 1870, St. Petersburg – 9 February 1960, Paris)was born to a family of artists, architects and intellectuals.  His father, Nicholas Benois, born of French parents, was a prominent Russian architect as was his son Leon Benois (born 1856 in Peterhof – died 1928 in Leningrad [St. Petersburg]).  Leon Benois is the grandfather of Sir Peter Ustinov.  Alexandre’s other brother, Albert Nikolayevitch Benois (March 14, 1852 – May 16, 1936 [Fontenay-aux-Roses]) was a notorious painter.

Watercolour Artist: Versailles

As for Alexandre, he started out as a painter in the early years of the twentieth century.  He painted using watercolours mainly.  After visiting Versailles, he was inspired to produce a series of watercolours depicting the Last Promenade of Louis XIV, the Sun-King.  These were historical paintings as is the painting featured at the top of this post.

Alexandre’s Versailles paintings were exhibited and attracted the attention of Sergei Diaghilev and of Ballets Russes artist Leon Bakst.  The three men went on to found a journal, Mir iskusstva (World of Art) and promoted the Aesthetic Movement and Art Nouveau.  Benois was an intellectual.

Scenic Director & Illustrator

Alexandre had a successful career as an artist, but in the broader acceptation of this term.  In 1901, Benois was appointed scenic director of the Mariinsky Theatre, home to the Imperial Russian Ballet, but at that time he also worked for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes.  In 1905, he moved to Paris, though not permanently, and worked as a stage designer and decorator. 

During that period of his life, Benois also published several monographs on 19th-century Russian art and Tsarskoye Selo, the Royal Village.  In 1903, he illustrated and published illustrations to Pushkin‘s poem Bronze Horseman, written in 1833.  He therefore gained notoriority before the Revolution of 1917

The Revolution of 1917

After the Revolution of 1917, Benois was appointed curator of the Old Masters in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg (the former Leningrad).  However, he did not remain in Russia for very long.  In 1927, he moved to Paris permanently where he worked mainly as a set designer.

Several members of his family, beginning with his brothers Albert Nikolayevitch Benois, an artist, and Leon Benois, a Russian architect, became famous.  His son Nicola Alexandrivoch Benois (1901-1988) also rose to prominence.

The Gallery

 
 
1. Petrushka (ballet)
2. The Bronze Horseman (poem)
3. The Nightingale (opera & ballet)
4. Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (Molière)
5. Alexandre Benois, Leon Bakst, 1894
 
 
 
 
 
Tags  
1. Petrushka: ballet, folklore, Vaslav Nijinsky, Ballets Russes, 1910-11, Fokine (choreographer) music by Igor Stravinsky (revised in 1947), straw puppet comes to life)
2. The Bronze Horseman: narrative poem, Pushkin (1833), illustration, 1904
3. The Nightingale: opera, folklore, Igor Stravinsky, Stepan Mitussov (libretto, based on Hans Christan Andersen), 1914 (as opera), also a ballet (Ballets Russes)
4. Le Bourgois gentilhomme: play, Molière, watercolour, probably for the Turkish
cérémonie décor)
 
composer:  Igor Stravinsky (17 June  1882 – 6 April 1971)
music:  Petrushka
performer: Andrey Dubov (piano)  
 
 

The Late News

English
The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/
The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/
The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
The Montreal Gazette: http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
The National Post: http://www.nationalpost.com/index.html
Le Monde diplomatique: http://mondediplo.com/ EN
 
CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/
CTV News: http://www.ctvnews.ca/
 
French
Le Monde: http://www.lemonde.fr/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/
Le Devoir: http://www.ledevoir.com/
La Presse: http://www.lapresse.ca/
 
German
Die Welt: http://www.welt.de/
 
Micheline Walker©
September 15th, 2012
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Le Chevalier de Saint-George: the Black Mozart

14 Friday Sep 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Mulatto, Music

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

French Revolution, Joseph, Joseph Haydn, Louis XVI of France, Marie-Antoinette, Mozart, Paris, Paris Symphonies, Saint-George, The Black Mozart

Satire of fencing duel between Monsieur de Saint-George et Mademoiselle la Chevalière d’Éon de Beaumont, Carlton House.  Engraved by Victor Marie Picot based on the original work of Charles Jean Robineau.

In Wikipedia’s entry on Joseph Bologne, mention is made of “a famous portrait of him [Saint-George] crossing swords in an exhibition match with the French transvestite spy-in-exile, the Chevalier d’Éon, in the presence of the Prince of Wales, Britain’s future king George IV.”  The famous portrait is the above “satire.”

Photo credit: Wikipedia

Allow me to begin this post by speaking of the two Mozarts: the white Mozart or Amadeus, and the black Mozart, Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-George.

When Mozart, the white Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), was in Paris, in 1777-1778, he was influenced by Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-George.  One would expect the white Mozart to have influenced the black Mozart, but that was not the case.  However, the two differ in that the career of the black Mozart (December 25, 1745 – June 10, 1799) was affected by his ethnicity and the French Revolution.  Three divas opposed his appointment as director of the Royal Opera because he was a mulatto.

However, by then, Joseph had commissioned and premièred Haydn six “Paris Symphonies” and he had met the white Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus during his 1777-1778 visit to Paris. It is during his stay in Paris that the former Wolfgang Theophilus, the white Mozart, lost his mother. She had accompanied him on this tour, but was taken ill and died on 3 July 1778. Wolfgang was 22 at that time and Joseph, 33.

However the French Revolution all but destroyed Joseph whose patrons were Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. As we know, he was Marie-Antoinette’s music teacher.  Marie-Antoinette composed “C’est mon ami,” a lovely pastoral song.

Joseph Boulogne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges: L’amant anonyme (1780), 
Ballet Nº 1

Joseph Boulogne, Chevalier de Saint-George: Violin Concerto in C major, Op. 5, Nº 1

Joseph Boulogne: Symphony in G major, Op.11, Nº 1

Related blogs:
Le Chevalier de Saint-George: Reviving a Legend, cont’d
Le Chevalier de Saint-George: Reviving a Legend
Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges & the News
Le Chevalier de Saint-George: the Black Mozart
“C’est mon ami,” composed by Marie-Antoinette (lyrics by Florian)
“Plaisir d’amour,” sung by Kathleen Battle (lyrics by Florian)
The News & the Music of Frederick the Great
The Duc de Joyeuse: Louis XIII as a Composer
Terminology, the Music of Louis XIII & the News (eras in the history of music) 
 
The Chevalier de Saint-George in a 1787 painting probably commissioned by the future George IV of the United Kingdom.
 
© Micheline Walker
September 14, 2012
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Léon Bakst & Massenet’s “Thais”

22 Wednesday Aug 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

Ballet Russes, Diaghilev, Imperial Academy of Arts, Léon Bakst, Michel Fokine, Mir Iskusstva, Paris, Sergei Diaghilev

  
 
Photo Credit: The Red List 
Narcisse, 1911
Comoedia, 1914
Négress, Shéhérazade, 1923
Cléopâtre, 1909
Salomé in La Danse des Sept Voiles, 1908 
 
Music:
Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912): Méditation from Thaïs, an Opera based on a novel by Anatole France (16 April 1844 – 12 October 1924)
Librettist: Louis Gallet
Violinist: Michael Rabin 
 

Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (1866–1924)

Léon Bakst was a painter who became stage and costume designer for Sergei Diaghilev‘s Ballets Russes, a prominent private ballet company that was active during la Belle Époque (1890-1914), a golden age in France, and remained active until Diaghilev’s death, in 1929, the year the stock market was allowed to crash.

We have already met the cast, so to speak.  When Sergei Diaguilev produced Scheherazade (1910), his star dancer was Vaslav Nijinski, his choreographer, Michel Fokine (23 April 1880 – 22 August 1942) and his stage and costume designer Léon Bakst, whose art I am featuring today.

Biographical Notes

Léon Bakst was Russian and Jewish.  He was born in Grodno (currently Belarus) to a middle-class family and his real name was Lev (Leib) Samoilovich Rosenberg.  He studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts as a noncredit student, working part-time as a book illustrator.(Wikipedia)  Bakst was his mother’s maiden name.

The Mir Iskusstva art movement

Bakts’s association with Sergei Diaghilev dates back to the mid-1890s.  He was first a member of the circle of writers and artists formed by Sergei Diaghilev and Alexandre Benois, which later became the Mir Iskusstva art movement.

In 1899, Bakst co-founded with Sergei Diaghilev the influential periodical Mir Iskusstva, meaning “World of Art.”  It is at that moment that his graphics started to bring him fame.(Wikipedia)

He started showing his work in 1890 as a member of the Society of Watercolourists.  From 1893 to 1897 he studied at the Académie Julian in Paris, but returned to Saint Petersburg often.

During his visits to Saint Petersburg he taught in Zvantseva’s school, where one of his students was Marc Chagall (1908–1910) and, in 1914, one the eve of the Revolution, he was elected a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts.

After 1909, Bakst lived mainly outside Russia.  As a Jew, he had to live in the Pale of Settlement.  He broke with Diaghilev in 1922, traveled to America where he had a patron in art philanthropist  Alice Warder Garrett (1877–1952).  He worked as her personal interior decorator in her Baltimore residence, Evergreen (now a museum and a gallery).

Two years after parting with Diaghilev, he died in Paris of what seems a lung disease.

With Léon Bakst, we are not looking at landscapes and seascapes, but at human beings in full flight.  No backdrop encroaches on the dancer.

I hope you enjoy these few pictures.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
© Micheline Walker
22 August 2012
WordPress
 
composer: Jules Massenet (12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912)
work: Méditation, Thaïs
violinist: Michael Rabin (2 May 1936 – 19 January 1972)
 
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