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Tag Archives: Martin Frobisher

Hendrick Avercamp, Comments & the News

02 Sunday Dec 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, History

≈ 8 Comments

Tags

Balthasar van der Ast, Francis Drake, Hendrick Avercamp, Martin Frobisher, Netherlands, Still-life Paintings, Walter Raleigh

Winter Landscape, Hendrick Avercamp (Photo credit: Wikimedia)
Winter Landscape, Hendrick Avercamp
(Photo credit: Wikimedia)
 

Looking at the Past Week

It was not an easy week for this author. If there is any way to avoid bunions, use it. The only possible cause I can think of, in my case, is being made to look feminine by wearing shoes that had high heels and a pointed front. However, the cause could be genetic. At any rate, try to avoid the surgery. Your doctor will supply you with morphine and codeine, but if you kill the pain entirely, you may not notice that there is infection.

The week was otherwise rather pleasant and informative.  We saw that:

  • Sir Walter Raleigh was instrumental in spreading the love of tobacco in Europe.
  • We were introduced to Queen Elizabeth I’s four “sea dogs:” Sir Francis Drake, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir John Hawkins and Sir Walter Raleigh. All four participated in repelling the Spanish Armada (1588).
  • We noted that there was “legitimate” piracy. These legitimate pirates were called privateers and made a fortune on their own, but they were also in the service of the Crown: Elizabeth the first’s England. Although they were privateers in England, they were pirates in the eyes of the enemy du jour, Spain.
  • Furthermore, we have associated the rise of capitalism with explorations.  I did not know about the Muscovy Trading Company.  But as a Canadian, I was familiar with the Hudson’s Bay Company.
  • We saw that still-life painting in the seventeenth-century Netherlands were Vanitas. They reminded human beings of their mortality.
  • We met Balthasar van der Ast, his brother-in-law Ambrosius Bosschaert, his three Bosschaert nephews and Roelandt Savery, an artist but also a scientist.
  • I nearly forgot the unfortunate dodo. Savery made paintings of the now extinct dodo.

Hendrick Avercamp: Winter and Playing Golf on Ice

And now that winter is here, we are being introduced to Hendrick Avercamp, a seventeenth-century Dutch artist who painted many lovely winter scenes. Thanks to the internet, we can see that in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, people played golf on ice wearing skates and looked very much as though they were playing hockey. Moreover, in the Netherlands one could commute quickly by skating down frozen waterways. As well, notice the shape of the roofs.

(click on picture to enlarge) 
Winter Landscape with Skaters, by  Henrick Avercamp

Winter Landscape with Skaters, by Hendrick Avercamp

The News

English
The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/
The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/
The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
The Montreal Gazette: http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
Le Monde diplomatique: http://mondediplo.com/ EN
 
CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/
CTV News: http://www.ctvnews.ca/
CNN News: http://www.cnn.com/
 
French:
Le Monde: http://www.lemonde.fr/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/
Le Devoir: http://www.ledevoir.com/
La Presse: http://www.lapresse.ca/
 
German:
Die Welt: http://www.welt.de/
 
composer: Antonio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741),
piece:  The Seasons, Winter, 2nd movement, piano arrangement
performers: Apollo Chamber Ensemble 
 
 
 
Related articles
  • Sir Martin Frobisher as Privateer and Hero to his Queen (michelinewalker.com)
  • Comments on Simon Frobisher as Privateer (michelinewalker.com)
  • Still-life Paintings: Vanitas Vanitatum (michelinewalker.com)
  • Roelandt Savery: from Flowers to the Dodo (michelinewalker.com)
  • The Bosschaert “Dynasty,” Jan Davidsz de Heem & Bartholomeus Assteyn (michelinewalker.com)

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Comments on Simon Frobisher as Privateer

28 Wednesday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in History

≈ Comments Off on Comments on Simon Frobisher as Privateer

Tags

Alexandre Dumas, Francis Drake, John Hawkins, Martin Frobisher, Muscovy Company, Spanish Armada, Tower of London, Walter Raleigh

The Spanish Armada[i]

Some posts require more tags than one would suspect.  Frobisher was an explorer, a gold digger, a privateer, one of the men who repelled the “invincible” Spanish Armada, and the sort of character one expects to find in novels written by Robert Louis Stevenson or Alexandre Dumas père. Moreover, although Martin Frobisher explored a new world, his own native world was entering a new age.

Privateers & loyal servants to their Queen

Queen Elizabeth had four trusted seamen who were destined to belong to legend, if only for their role in defeating the Spanish Armada. Hawkins was an admiral and Drake, a vice-admiral, but they were also privateers, not pirates, and it is mainly as privateers that they could be protagonists in novels written by Stevenson or Alexandre Dumas père. As the list below indicates, Frobisher was in excellent company and all four Sea Dogs fought to repel the Spanish Armada. Here are their names and dates:

  • Sir Francis Drake (1540 – 27 January 1596);
  • Sir Martin Frobisher (c. 1535 or 1539 – 15 November 1594);
  • Sir John Hawkins (Plymouth 1532 – 12 November 1595);
  • Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1554 – 29 October 1618).

Of the four, Sir Walter Raleigh is the more legendary. He married secretly which angered Elizabeth. She had him and his wife thrown into the Tower of London, but Sir Walter Raleigh bought his release. He was nevertheless beheaded, unjustly, for his alleged involvement in a plot to kill King James I.[ii]

Explorers

Our four Sea Dogs were explorers.

  • Sir Francis Drake was the second seaman to circumnavigate the globe, a feat carried out from 1577 to 1580.
  • Between 1584 and 1589, Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a colony near Roanoke Island (the present North Carolina) but failed. He made tobacco popular in England, and he fought against Spain in her colonies.
  • Sir John Hawkins was a slave-trader and he built her Majesty’s navy.
  • As for Sir Martin Frobisher, although he did so inadvertently, he nevertheless discovered the Hudson Strait which led to the Hudson Bay and, therefore, to North America’s gold: beaver pelts. He is a Canadian explorer.
(please click on the picture to enlarge it)

Ivan IV of Russia Shows His Treasury to Jerome Horsey (Alexander Litovchenko, 1875)

Capitalism

My post on Frobisher also allowed a brief peak at capitalism. Michael Lok of the Muscovy Company found investors who made it possible for Frobisher to embark on his three expeditions.

According to Wikipedia,[iii] the Muscovy Company, or Московская компания, was the first major chartered joint stock company. Europeans had learned to pool their money and enter into ventures that could fail but could also be extremely profitable. For instance, Prince Rupert invited individuals to buy shares that would allow the establishment of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The Hudson’s Bay Company was established in 1670 and remains active.

Music

I chose a piece by Henry Purcell (10 September 1659 (?)– 21 November 1695), a seventeenth-century composer. I love Purcell. But John Dowland (1563 – buried 20 February 1626) may have been a better choice. He was a Renaissance composer of lute songs and Lachrimae, a genre epitomized by his own “Flow my Tears.”

RELATED ARTICLES:
“Flow my Tears,” by John Dowland
Sir Martin Frobisher as Privateer and Hero to his Queen (November 26, 2012)
Sir Martin Frobisher: the First Thanksgiving (November 25, 2012) 

_________________________

[i] Armada, Spanish: Spanish Armada off the coast England. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. 
<http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-76585>.
 
[ii] “Sir Walter Raleigh.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490271/Sir-Walter-Raleigh>.
 
[iii] “The Muscovy Company had a monopoly on trade between England and Muscovy until 1698 and it survived as a trading company until the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Muscovy Company traces its roots to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands [long title], founded in 1551 by Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot and Sir Hugh Willoughby, who decided to look for the Northeast Passage to China.” (The Muscovy Company, Wikipedia)
 
composer: John Dowland (1563 – buried 20 February 1626)
piece: Lachrimae Antiquae 
performers: Jordi Savall, Hespérion XX

 
© Micheline Walker
November 27th, 2012
WordPress

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Sir Martin Frobisher as Privateer and Hero to his Queen

26 Monday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Canada, History

≈ 6 Comments

Tags

Baffin Island, Canadian Encyclopedia, Frobisher Bay, Henry Hudson, Hudson Strait, Hudson's Bay Company, Martin Frobisher, Pierre-Esprit Radisson

The Spanish Armada, 1588

(please click on the map to enlarge it)

Labrador Sea

Martin Frobisher as Explorer

The map to the left helps us see where Martin Frobisher,[i] (b. 1539?; d. 1594) the men, now less than 400, and the thirteen ships, fifteen to begin with, spent the stormy summer of 1578.  To the right of the map, we see the Hudson Strait, a passage leading to the Hudson Bay.  Above is Baffin Island at the bottom of which we find a bay named after Martin Frobisher: Frobisher Bay.  During the third trip, in 1578, the men were on Kodlunarn Island, 500 miles (800 kilometers) off the northeastern shore of Frobisher Bay.

Martin Frobisher’s first trip to the Labrador Sea had been undertaken in 1576 when Frobisher was granted a licence at the request of Michael Lok of the Muscovy Company.  He was then in search of a northwest passage to India.  He lost the Michaell, the Gabriell‘s sister ship, but nevertheless discovered the inlet that bears his name.

During his first trip, Frobisher had found ore which he suspected was gold and, as promised, he gave to Michael Lok, his governor,  “the fyrst thinge that he founde in the new land.” (Alan Cooke, “Sir Martin Frobisher,” The Canadian Encyclopedia)  The ore was identified as marcasite by three assayers, but a fourth expert, Agnello, an Italian, found three tiny amounts of gold.

Consequently, Frobisher ceased to look for a northwest passage to India.  On 7 June 1577, the Ayde, the Gabrielle, and the Michaell  left Harwich with 120 men.  Ships and men went to the island from which the marcasite had been taken, a year earlier, but found little.  Frobisher moved to another island in his “strait” for mining.  Five miners and other members of the expedition loaded the Ayde with about 200 tons of ore.

The 1578 expedition was also launched for the purpose of finding gold.  Frobisher had fifteen ships.  But this sad story has been told.  (See Related Article below)  Martin Frobisher’s third trip had been a very expensive venture that brought a degree of shame on the leader of the expedition, except that Frobisher may well have traveled to the Hudson Strait which led to the Hudson Bay.

(please click on the map to enlarge it)

Martin Frobisher’s Three Trips

the Hudson Strait, an entrance to the Hudson Bay

The Hudson Strait, was not officially discovered until Henry Hudson’s ill-fated expedition of 1611.  A munitous crew “forced Hudson, his son and 7 others into a small shallot and cut it adrift[.]” (James Marsh, “Henry Hudson,” The Canadian Encyclopedia).[ii]   Martin Frobisher had discovered Frobisher Bay, a relatively large inlet of the Labrador Sea which he had explored all the way to its harbor.  However, although the Hudson Strait is named after Henry Hudson, it appears it was also explored, albeit inadvertently, by Martin Frobisher.

A quarter of a century elapsed before George Waymouth, in 1602, and Henry Hudson, in 1610, demonstrated that the “mistaken straytes” led not into the South or West Sea, as Frobisher believed, but into the inland sea now called Hudson Bay.[iii]

Radisson and Groseilliers

Consequently, about a century later, when Pierre-Esprit Radisson (b in France 1636; d at London, Eng June 1710) and his brother-in-law, Médart Chouard des Groseilliers (b in France 31 July 1618; d at New France 1696?) discovered the Hudson Bay by land, from the south, they knew there was a northern sea entrance, to “the sea to the north.”  Both Frobisher, unofficially, and Henry Hudson, officially, had chartered that territory.  Fur was North America’s gold.  Therefore, ironically, Sir Martin discovered gold.

The Nonsuch

The Hudson’s Bay Company, 1670

When Radisson and Groseilliers filled one hundred canoes with precious pelts and left for the shores of the St Lawrence River, New France, their pelts were confiscated and our two explorers were treated like coureurs des bois.  Voyageurs worked for a licensed bourgeois.  They were hommes engagés, hired men.  As for coureurs des bois, they did not have a licence to travel along waterways and exchange mostly trinkets and, all too often, alcohol with Amerindians who supplied them with pelts.

Having been treated like criminals, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouard des Groseilliers traveled to England and told their story.  Prince Rupert listened and, as a result, when the Nonsuch returned to England, proving that Radisson’s proposed venture was “practical and profitable,” (“Pierre-Esprit Radisson,” The Canadian Encyclopedia) the Hudson’s Bay Company was established.  It was incorporated by English royal chart on 2 May 1670 as The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson’s Bay.

Frobisher, the Privateer and the Hero: the Spanish Armada

Martin Frobisher, by Cornelis Ketel (1577)

Frobisher’s apparent demise, in 1578, put an end to his attempts to find a northwest passage to India. But he became one of Elizabeth’s trusted Sea Dogs or privateers: Sir John Hawkins, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Martin himself.  Unlike pirates, privateers pursued an enemy to the Crown and were therefore in possession of a licence, as were the voyageurs and their employers.

In 1585, Sir Francis Drake (1545- 1596), with Frobisher as vice-admiral, led a privateering expedition of 25 vessels to the West Indies. The bounty Sir Martin Frobisher made working alongside Sir Francis Drake allowed him to repay the money lost in the pursuit of ore that glittered but was not gold. Reports differ. Frobisher may have been knighted at this point, but I would suspect he was knighted because he was one of the seamen who repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588.

In 1591, Sir Martin Frobisher married Dorothy Wentworth (1543 – 3 January 1601), a daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth.  However, a year later, he was again at sea having taken charge of the fleet “fitted out” by Sir Walter Raleigh to the Spanish coast.  He returned with a generous bounty.  In 1594, Frobisher died, in England, of a gunshot wound inflicted at the Siege of Fort Crozon, in France.

Related Article:

Sir Martin Frobisher: the First Thanksgiving

_________________________

[i] Alan Cooke, “Sir Martin Frobisher,” The Canadian Dictionary of Biography online http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=34352

[ii] Three other men met a cruel end, but Robert Bylot piloted the Discovery back to England. James Marsh, “Henry Hudson,” The Canadian Encyclopedia http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/henry-hudson

[iii] Alan Cooke, loc. cit.

[iv] Peter N. Moogk, “Pierre-Esprit Radisson,” The Canadian Encyclopedia http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/pierreesprit-radisson

 
© Micheline Walker
November 26, 2012
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Sir Martin Frobisher: the First Thanksgiving

25 Sunday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in History, Immigration, United States

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

Canada, Canadian Encyclopedia, Donnacona, Martin Frobisher, Thanksgiving, Thirteen Colonies, United Empire Loyalist, United States

The First Thanksgiving 1621, oil on canvas by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris (1863–1930). The painting shows common misconceptions about the event that persist to modern times: Pilgrims did not wear such outfits, and the Wampanoag are dressed in the style of Plains Indians

It has become common knowledge that the first Thanksgiving in North America was held by Martin Frobisher and his crew in the eastern Arctic in 1578.

Sir Martin Frobisher (b near Wakefield, Eng 1539; d  at Plymouth, Eng 22 Nov 1594).

Sir Martin Frobisher, a mariner, explorer and “chaser of fool’s gold” made three trips to the Arctic looking for a route to India. Jacques Cartier had embarked on such a mission making two trips to what is now the East Coast of Canada. The first of these trips took place in 1534. He then claimed the territory he had reached for France by planting a ten-meter cross in the Gaspé area feeling he had discovered an Asian Land. He kidnapped Taignoagny and dom Agaya, the two sons of Iroquois chief Donnacona and took them to France. In 1535, he made a second trip returning his sons to Donnacona.

Frobisher & a Stormy Arctic Sea

As for Sir Martin Frobisher, hoping to find a northwest passage to India, he traveled to inauspicious destinations.[i] In 1578, he commanded a flotilla of 15 ships and more than 400 men. However, a storm threatened the entire flotilla. One ship returned to Europe and another was sunk by ice. Yet, Frobisher was undeterred.

Frobisher and his men, the thirteen ships that remained, were then at the northern entrance to the Hudson Strait, the sea to the north discovered by land, from the south, by Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law, Médard Chouart Des Groseillers, a sea that permitted easy access to beaver pelts.[ii]

The thirteen remaining ships assembled at the Countess of Warwick’s Island, known today as Kodlunarn Island, 500 miles (800 kilometers) off the northeastern shore of Frobisher Bay, a relatively large inlet of the Labrador Sea. Frobisher’s men established two mines on the island and tested the ore spending a month battling storms for most of July.[iii]

Sir Martin’s Thanksgiving

When they returned to Frobisher Bay, Martin Frobisher and his men “celebrated Communion and formally expressed their thanks through the ship’s Chaplain, Robert Wolfall, who ‘made unto them a godly sermon, exhorting them especially to be thankefull to God for theyr strange and miraculous deliverance in those so dangerous places’ (Collinson).[iv]

United Empire Loyalists & the Canadian Thanksgiving

Frobisher’s Thanksgiving resembles a Te Deum as would, after the Seven Years’ War, the Thanksgiving held by the people of Nova Scotia. However, United Empire Loyalists, the British who remained loyal to Britain after the Thirteen Colonies chose to part with their motherland, brought to British colonies to the north, where they fled, the tradition of celebrating that year’s harvest, although it may not have been a firmly-entrenched yearly event yet. But after W. W. I, Thanksgiving and Armistice, Canada’s current Remembrance day, were celebrated the same week and seemed indistinguishable.

Two Different Feasts: Thanksgiving and Armistice

Yet the two feasts are of a somewhat different nature. In the lengthy chronicle of human deeds or misdeeds, wars stand as mostly inglorious events. The end of a war is cause for celebration, despite devastating losses. However, giving thanks to Providence because the earth has been generous seems mainly joyful. What is celebrated is life eternal. So, I am rather pleased that, on January 31, 1957 “[Canadian] Parliament proclaimed ‘a day of General Thanksgiving to Almighty God for the bountiful harvest with which Canada has been blessed,’ to be observed on the second Monday in October.”

At this point, the Canadian celebration merged with the apparently regular American observance which was first conducted by the Pilgrims’ first harvest in Massachusetts in 1621 and brought to Canada by United Empire Loyalists. But the Canadian feast would be celebrated earlier that its American counterpart. In the United States, Thanksgiving is now observed later than in Canada, but this may not have been the case in earlier days. Given that American winters do not usually set in as early as Canadian winters, in most Canadian provinces, an earlier celebration makes sense. In fact, there are parts of the United States where winter is not a cold season.

However, Sir Martin Frobisher’s Te Deum, “God, We Praise You,” was called a Thanksgiving and it is remembered as such. The Canadian Encyclopedia‘s entry underscores the fact that “Frobisher sailed for Elizabeth I, whose reign was marked by public acts of giving thanks; Elizabeth expressed her gratitude for having lived to ascend the throne (and not being whacked by “Bloody Mary”), for delivery from the Spanish Armada and in her last speech to Parliament, for her subjects. The first known use of the word “Thanksgiving” in English text was in a translation of the bible in 1533, which was intended as an act of giving thanks to God.”

So whether it be the end of a destructive storm, the end of atrocious hostilities or the sight of a plentiful harvest, we give thanks for weather becalmed, for peace restored and for our daily bread. Some people still say Grace.

(please click on the picture to enlarge it)
Le Bénédicité, by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, 1740

(Photo credit: Wikipedia) 

[i] Richard Collinson, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher: In Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West (Cambridge University Press, 2010), quoted in Laura Neilson Bonikowsky, “The First Thanksgiving in North America,” The Canadian Encyclopedia.

[ii] Radisson and Groseillers’s discovery led to the establishment of the Hudson’s Bay Company, “the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world.” (Hudson’s Bay Company, Wikipedia)

[iii] “The First Thanksgiving in North America,” The Canadian Encyclopedia.

[iv] Richard Collinson, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher: In Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West (Cambridge University Press, 2010), quoted in Laura Neilson Bonikowsky “The First Thanksgiving in North America,” the Canadian Encyclopedia.

composer: Sir Edward Elgar 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) 
piece: Cello Concerto in E minor 
performer:  Jacqueline du Pré (26 January 1945 – 19 October 1987)
director: Daniel Barenboim
 

Nature morte, by Chardin

© Micheline Walker
24 November 2012
WordPress
 
 
 

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