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Tag Archives: Henri Fantin-Latour

James McNeill Whistler: a Subtler Art

24 Wednesday Apr 2013

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, United States

≈ 11 Comments

Tags

Art for Art's Sake, Etching, Gustave Courbet, Henri Fantin-Latour, Impressionism, James McNeill Whistler, Japonisme, John Ruskin, Théophile Gauthier, Tonalism

the-north-sea 
 green-and-silver-the-bright-sea-dieppeblue-and-white-covered-urn 
 
 
The North Sea, 1883 (watercolour)
Green and Silver: The Bright Sea, Dieppe, 1883-85 (gouache and watercolour)
Blue and White Covered Urn (no date) 
 
 
Photo credit: Wikipaintings.org
The Athenæum
 

James Abbott McNeill Whistler (July 10, 1834 – July 17, 1903)

Biography

I do not know the name of the lady who sat for Whistler’s Head of a Young Woman (1890).  This portrait was painted at the height of Whistler’s career, two years after his marriage to Beatrix Birnie Philip, when the couple resided in Paris.

Interestingly, Whistler was not altogether wrong when he claimed he was born in Saint Petersburg.  He was in fact born in Lowell, Massachusetts, but he moved to Russia in 1843, a year after his father, George Washington Whistler, a prominent engineer, was hired to build a railroad connecting Saint Petersburg and Moscow.  He was 9 years old when he joined his father in Russia.  Those were formative years.  It could be said that Whistler was an “expat,” and one of the first American artists to settle in Europe, mingle with soul mates and enjoy both a bohemian lifestyle and the pleasures of a café society.

—ooo—

At the age of eleven, young James enrolled in Saint Petersburg‘s Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, where it was soon noticed that he was a gifted artist.  While his father was working in Russia, Whistler also visited England accompanied by his mother.  He met Francis Haden, a surgeon by profession, but also an artist.  Francis Haden married Whistler’s sister and would become the very distinguished Sir Francis Seymour Haden.  After his trip to England, James informed his father of his wish to pursue a career as an artist, writing “I hope, dear father, you will not object to my choice” (See James Abbot McNeill Whistler, Wikipedia).  However, James was about to lose his father to cholera.  George Washington Whistler died in Russia.

After James’ father passed away, the Whistler family was forced to return to the United States.  But they left Lowell, Massachusetts to settle in Pomfret, Connecticut, James’ mother’s hometown.  Whistler was therefore brought up in a more frugal manner than would otherwise have been the case.

Yet, despite his father’s untimely death, James would become an artist.  A career as a minister was Mrs Whistler’s first choice for her son.  However, James had no inclination for life as a member of the clergy, nor, for that matter, could he enter the military successfully.  He did attend West Point, failed an exam, misbehaved, and was dismissed by no less than Colonel Robert E. Lee.  He then worked as draftsman “mapping the entire U.S. coast for military and maritime purposes[,]” but drawing “sea serpents, mermaids, and whales on the margins of the maps, at which point he was transferred to the etching division of the U. S. Coast Survey.” (See James McNeill Whistler, Wikipedia.)

Whistler lasted two months as an etcher, but his training in this medium would be invaluable in the career he would embark upon after a stay with a wealthy friend, Tom Winans.  Winans, who lived in Baltimore, provided Whistler with a studio, pocket-money and, in 1855, with the funds that would allow Whistler to leave for Paris to perfect his skills as an artist.  Whistler never returned to the United States.  He is buried in Chiswick, near London.

symphony-in-grey-and-green-the-ocean-1872hb_17_3_159

 
 
Symphony in Grey and Green: The Ocean, 1866-1872 (oil)
Nocturne: The Thames at Battersea, 1878 (lithograph)
Nocturne in Black and Gold: the Falling Rocket, c. 1875 (oil, bottom of post)
 

Tonalism

When Whistler arrived in France, realism was all the rage.  He became a disciple of Gustave Courbet and befriended Henri Fantin-Latour. However, he was also influenced by the art for art’s sake movement, associated with writer Théophile Gauthier.  In the early 1860s, after he had settled in London, he visited Courbet and painted seascapes with him.  He also visited Brittany (1861) and the coast near Biarritz (1862).

But although his paintings reflect his exposure to realism and, to a certain extent, the Barbizon School (1830 through 1870), Whistler developed a rather personal style called tonalism.  Tonalism is also associated with George Inness and, to a certain extent, with the Russian mood landscapes of Aleksey Savrasov[ii] and Isaac Levitan.[iii]  It is perhaps best described as a “veiled” form of realism, a subtler art, except that Whistler’s use of colour reflects musical keys.  Whistler built a close relationship between his colours or tones, as though they were painted in a key, usually in one of the more plaintive minor keys.  Many of his paintings are called “Nocturnes,” à la Chopin, Symphonies, Harmonies and Notes.  Whistler’s paintings therefore herald Impressionism as do Édouard Manet’s.  However, printmakers practice a certain linearity, a technique not altogether compatible with imprecise Impressionism.  Whistler produced several etchings and lithographs.

Also evident in the art of James McNeill Whistler is the influence of Japonisme and Orientalisme (FR).  In this respect, Whistler is very much a contemporary of middle to late 19th-century French artists: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent Van Gogh, Claude Monet, Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso.  Japonisme also permeates the emerging, yet soon to be the golden age of the poster: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Théophile Steinlen and Art Nouveau.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Whistler is known for his “his paintings of nocturnal London, for his striking and stylistically advanced full-length portraits, and for his brilliant etchings and lithographs.”  He is also known for his “congenial themes on the River Thames, and the etchings that he did of such subjects garnered praise from the poet and critic Charles Baudelaire when they were exhibited in Paris.”[iv]

However, when he showed Nocturne in Black and Gold: the Falling Rocket (shown at the bottom of this post), Whistler did not garner praise from eminent British critic John Ruskin.  On 2 July 1877, in his Fors Clavigera, John Ruskin wrote:

“For Mr. Whistler’s own sake, no less than for the protection of the purchaser, Sir Coutts Lindsay [founder of the Grosvenor Gallery] ought not to have admitted works into the gallery in which the ill-educated conceit of the artist so nearly approached the aspect of willful imposture. I have seen, and heard, much of Cockney impudence before now; but never expected to hear a coxcomb ask two hundred guineas for flinging a pot of paint in the public’s face.”  (quoted in James McNeill Whistler, Wikipedia)

Modernism was happening across the English Channel.  Yet, the jury returned a verdict in favour of James McNeill Whistler.

moreby-hall-1884

Moreby Hall, 1883–1884 (watercolour)


[i]  “Aleksey Kondratyevich Savrasov.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.            
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1773613/Aleksey-Kondratyevich-Savrasov>.
 
[ii] “Isaak Ilyich Levitan.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.            
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337990/Isaak-Ilyich-Levitan>.
 
[iii] “James McNeill Whistler”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/641961/James-McNeill-Whistler>.
 
composer: Edvard Grieg (15 June 1843 – 4 September 1907)
Morgenstimmung 
 
 
451px-Whistler-Nocturne_in_black_and_gold (1)© Micheline Walker
14 April 2013
WordPress
 
 
  • RELATED ARTICLE
  • James McNeill Whistler: Women (micheline.walker.com)

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Refus Global & the Index Librorum Prohibitorum

06 Tuesday Nov 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, History, Quebec

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Fernand Leduc, Henri Fantin-Latour, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Marcelle Ferron, Paul-Émile Borduas, Pierre Gauvreau, Poète maudit, Refus global, Signatories

Bégonia, by Paul-Émile Borduas (1924) NGC/GNC[i]

  
Paul-Émile Borduas (November 1, 1905 – February 22, 1960)
Refus global (l’intégral, en français)
Refus global or Total Refusal (text in English)
 
Images: please click on Paul-Émile Borduas

Signatories: Paul-Émile Borduas, Magdeleine Arbour, Marcel Barbeau, Bruno Cormier, Claude Gauvreau, Pierre Gauvreau, Muriel Guilbeault, Marcelle Ferron, Fernand Leduc, Thérèse Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau,  Maurice Perron, Louise Renaud, François Riopelle, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Françoise Sullivan

Refus global

The above painting is an early work, by Paul-Émile Borduas.  In fact, it is a study and, to a certain extent, a child-like study.  Consequently, looking at this painting (watercolour on graphite), one does not suspect that Borduas would ever publish Refus global (Total Refusal), an “anti-establishment and anti-religious manifesto released on August 9, 1948 in Montreal by a group of sixteen young Québécois artists and intellectuals that included Paul-Émile Borduas and Jean-Paul Riopelle.” (Refus global, Wikipedia).  Other than Borduas, only one of the signatories of the Refus global, Jean-Paul Riopelle, achieved international renown.  A number of his works were exhibited at the State Hermitage Museum, in Saint Petersburg in 2006.

The Church

“We are a small people huddling under the shelter of the clergy, who are the only remaining repository of faith, knowledge, truth, and national wealth; we were excluded from the universal progress of thought with all its pitfalls and perils, and raised, when it became impossible to keep us in complete ignorance, on well-meaning but uncontrolled and grossly distorted accounts of the great historical facts.”

Unless otherwise indicated, all quotations are from Refus global (Total Refusal), The Canadian Encyclopedia.[ii]

How knowledge was concealed or “distorted”

I have already quoted the above paragraph.  It is an indictment of the Church.  According to Borduas, the Church excluded Québécois from the “universal progress of thought,” or it “distorted” the truth.  However, just how was knowledge concealed or “distorted.”  For one thing, in the Quebec of my childhood, books had to be approved by the Church before they were put on the shelves of libraries or sold to students.  The book was acceptable if in contained the words “nihil obstat” or imprimatur.  Before the Révolution tranquille or Quiet Revolution, one could not buy or borrow books that were prohibilited under the List of Prohibited Books, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

“The magical harvest magically reaped from the unknown lies ready in the field. It was gathered by all the true poets. Its powers of transformation are as great as the violence practised against it, as its continued resistance to attempts to make use of it (after more than two centuries, there is not a single copy of the Marquis de Sade* to be found in our bookshops; Isidore Ducasse [le comte de Lautréamont],[iii] dead for more than a century, a hundred years of revolution and slaughter, is still too strong for queasy contemporary stomachs, even those accustomed to present-day filth and corruption.”

*If you are a sensitive person, reading le Marquis de Sade could make you sick.

The Index was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559 and its first version is called the Pauline Index.  The list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church underwent modifications.  For instance, the Council of Trent‘s Tridentine Index was less severe than the Pauline Index, but even the more relaxed forms of the Index were an obstacle in the “freedom of enquiry” (Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Wikipedia).  The list, or Index, was abolished by Pope Paul VI, in 1966.

Obviously, Quebec was not threatened, in the manner Galileo was.  Catholic cosmology would not accept heliocentrism, sometimes called Copernicanism, the theory put forth in Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).  Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) died the year he published his findings, in 1543, but Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was not so fortunate.  Galileo Galilei was found guilty of heresy by the Roman Inquisition in 1615.  He was forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest (Galileo Galilei, Wikipedia).

trips, studying abroad & “sexual experience”

“Foreign travel became more common, with Paris as the main attraction. Too distant in time and space, too lively for our timid souls, a trip to Paris was often just an excuse to spend a holiday acquiring some long-overdue sexual experience and enough of the polish provided by a stay in France to intimidate the masses back home.  With very few exceptions, our physicians, for example, whether or not they had actually made the trip, began behaving scandalously (we-have-a-right-to-make-up-for-those-long-years-of-study!).

In many cases, these trips also served as an unexpected wake-up call. Minds were growing restless, and more people began reading forbidden books, which brought some small hope and comfort.”

However, in 1948, the Index was still in force but it was losing ground in Quebec, partly because of trips and studies abroad.  Paul-Émile Borduas had travelled to France and died in France.  At the time, Québécois often went to Europe to complete their studies as Quebec universities had yet to offer complete programs.  Even now, persons who wish to do a Doctorate in Law or another degree travel to Europe.  After earning his law degree at the Université de Montréal (1943), Pierre Trudeau obtained a master’s degree in political economy at Harvard University‘s Graduate School of Public Administration.  He studied in Paris, France in 1947 at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris.  He also enrolled for a doctorate at the London School of Economics, but failed to finish his thesis (Pierre Trudeau, Wikipedia).

(please click on the picture to enlarge it)

Les Poètes maudits: Verlaine (far left), Rimbaud (second to left) depicted in an 1872 painting, by Henri Fantin-Latour

Les Poètes maudits or Accursed Poets

“Our minds were energized by the poètes maudits, who, far from being monsters of evil, dared to give loud and clear expression to feelings that the most wretched among us had always shamefully repressed for fear of being swallowed alive. The example of these men, who were the first to come to grips with everyday concerns about pain and loss, showed us the way. Their answers were so much more challenging, precise, and fresh than the age-old bromides being fed to us in Québec and in seminaries around the world.”

Borduas also mentions les poètes maudits (accursed poets).[iv]  He is referring to François Villon (c. 1431–1464), Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and, to a lesser extent, to Lautréamont and Alice de Chambrier.  Paul Verlaine published a book entitled Les Poètes maudits and the term has been used to describe works written in countries other than France.  Sir Alfred Hitchcock has been described as “the only poète maudit to encounter immense success.” (film director Jean-Luc Godard, in Poète maudit [Wikipedia]).  I should think the list of Poètes maudits would now include Sir Salman Rushdie (1947-).

Gérard Bessette’s Le Libraire (1960)

To understand to what degree Québécois bookstore owners were afraid of selling books listed in the Index, Gérard Bessette‘s Le Libraire (1960) is the novel one must read.  It is short, beautifully structured and clever.

_________________________

[i] Photo credit: National Gallery of Canada (Borduas) & Wikipedia (Fantin-Latour, Poète maudit)
[iî] Unless otherwise indicated, all quotations are from Refus global (Total Refusal), The Canadian Encyclopedia.
[iii] dates:
Index Librorum Prohibitorum: 1559 (Pope Paul IV) – 1966 (Pope Paul VI)
Lautréamont, le comte de: (4 April 1846 – 24 November 1870)
Sade, le marquis de: (2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814)
[vi] French poètes maudits of the nineteenth century abused drugs and alcohol.
 
© Micheline Walker
November 6th, 2012
WordPress
 
piece: « Hymn: Urbs Jerusalem, 4. AM 694b »
performers: Monastic Choir of the Abbey of Saint Pierre de Solesme,
director: Dom Joseph Gajard
 
 
 
 
Géranium, by Paul-Émile Borduas (1923)
NGC/GNC
(please click on picture to enlarge it)
Related articles
  • A Glance at “Refus global” & the News (michelinewalker.com)
  • The Art of Fantin-Latour & Canadiana (michelinewalker.com)
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The Art of Fantin-Latour & Canadiana

30 Tuesday Oct 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Canada, Sharing

≈ 9 Comments

Tags

Allan MacEachen, Henri Fantin-Latour, Lester B. Pearson, Mendelssohn, Mitt Romney, October Crisis, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Republican

Cerises (Cherries), by Henri Fantin-Latour (1877)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

Henri Fantin-Latour (14 January 1836 – 25 August 1904) was born in Grenoble (Isère).  He studied at l’École de Dessin (from 1850) under Lecoq de Boisbaudran and at l’École des Beaux-Arts, in Paris, beginning in 1854.  As did many students registered at l’École des Beaux-Arts, he copied the masters in the Louvre.

Fantin-Latour befriended many artists, some of whom became prominent Impressionists or transitional figures, such as Édouard Manet.  For his part, Fantin-Latour chose to paint in a more conservative and crisper manner and worked with Gustave Courbet.  But Fantin-Latour also met American-born British artist James MacNeill Whistler who very much admired Fantin-Latour still-lifes and introduced Fantin-Latour to a British public.  Fantin-Latour was so successful in Britain that he became better known in England than in France.

Fantin-Latour married Victoria Dubourg, an artist, and spent his summers at her family’s country estate near Orne, Normandy.  So, by and large, he lived a very stable life which is reflected in his art.  He never reached stardom, but his art has endured and will no doubt continue to endure.

In 1875, aged 68, Fantin-Latour died of lyme disease, a tick-borne disease that was almost impossible to treat before antibiotics became available.

Yesterday’s Blog: Tough Leadership

Yesterday’s blog depicted what I would call “tough leadership.”  The October Crisis of 1970 was a major event in Canadian history.  Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau implemented the War Measures Act which had never been done in peacetime.  His “Just watch me” has remained as famous as his “There’s no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation,” a statement he made at the time the Omnibus Bill (Bill C-150) or the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, designed when Pierre Trudeau was Minister of Justice and the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972), Canada’s Prime Minister and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his role in defusing the Suez Crisis.

The Sixties in Canada

The sixties, the late sixties in particular, were pivotal years in Canada.  First, under the leadership of Lester B. Pearson, Allan J. MacEachen designed Canada’s Social Programs: universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, the Canada Student Loans, etc. (also see Social Programs in Canada)

Second, the Omnibus Bill (C-150), or the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, was passed. “It proposed, among other things, to decriminalize homosexuality, allow abortion and contraception, and regulate lotteries, gun possession, drinking and driving offences, harassing phone calls, misleading advertising and cruelty to animals.” (Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, Wikipedia)

Third, Prime Minister Pearson convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism which led to the Official Languages Act (September 9, 1969), since amended but nevertheless in force.

Forthcoming Articles

  • More on the Noble Savage
  • A short article on Still-Life painting
  • An article on Refus global (Canadiana)
  • A rough translation of Chant d’un Patriote (click to see the French lyrics)
Henri Fantin-Latour
composer: Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 1809 – 4 November 1847)
piece: Song Without Words, Op. 109
performers: Miklós Perényi (cello) and Zoltán Kocsis (piano)
 
© Micheline Walker
October 30, 2012
WordPress
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The Music of Frederick the Great & the News

05 Sunday Aug 2012

Posted by michelinewalker in Art, Music

≈ 4 Comments

Tags

Frederick the Great, Henri Fantin-Latour, Le Devoir, Le Monde, National Post, New York Times, WordPress

Frederick the Great plays the flute at Sanssouci, by Adolph Menzel*

*Adolph Menzel (8 December, 1815 –  9 February 1905)
C.P.E. Bach is at the harpsichord and J.J. Quantz, Frederick’s teacher, leaning on the wall to the right.
Frederick the Great (24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786)
Henri Fantin-Latour (14 January 1836 – 25 August 1904)
with permission from Art Resource, NY
 

A few comments

The News are today’s News. The following paragraph has probably lost its meaning.

As for this blogger, she loves Ella Fitzgerald and could spend the entire day listening to Summertime.  How interesting that this music should have been composed by George Gershwin (26 September 1898 – 11 July 1937): a Russian, a Ukrainian and a Jew (on his Ukrainian side).  So what is Mitt Romney doing when he states that as an “anglo-saxon,” he would have a better relationship with the UK than President Obama (The Daily Beast, 26 July 2012).  Has his ethnicity harmed President Obama’s relationship with the UK?

The News

English
The Montreal Gazette: http://www.montrealgazette.com/index.html
The National Post: http://www.nationalpost.com/index.html
The Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/
The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://mondediplo.com/ EN
 
CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/
CTV News: http://www.ctvnews.ca/
 
French
Le Monde: http://www.lemonde.fr/
Le Monde diplomatique: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/
Le Devoir: http://www.ledevoir.com/
La Presse: http://www.lapresse.ca/
 
German
Die Welt: http://www.welt.de/
 

The Music of Monarchs: Frederick the Great

However, the music of the day was composed by a monarch:  Frederick the Great (24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786), King of Prussia.  Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643), King of France, was also a composer but he will be featured in another post.

© Micheline Walker
August 5, 2012
WordPress
 

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