Village de Baie-Saint-Paul en hiver (Charlevoix), Clarence Gagnon

Maison à Baie-Saint-Paul, 1924, Clarence Gagnon (La Galerie Walter Klinkhoff)

In 2005, Félix-Antoine Savard‘s 1937’s Menaud, maître-draveur[i] (Master of the River) was selected as one of Canada‘s ‘100 Most Important Books’ by The Literary Review of Canada. The popularity of Savard’s novel is increasing.

Yet, both Maria Chadpelaine and Félix-Antoine Savard’s Menaud, maître-draveur, a novel literally intertwined with Maria Chapdelaine, as in a liturgical responsory, express nationalistic sentiments.  But there is legitimate nationalism, attachment to one’s root, and hostile nationalism: nationalism as perceived in indépendantiste ideology.

The Voice of Quebec: Maria Chapdelaine & Menaud

As Maria is trying to decide whether she will marry Eutrope Gagnon, a cultivateur (a farmer) or leave for the United States as Lorenzo Surprenant’s wife, she hears inner voices, one of which is the voice of Quebec. The voix du Québec directs Maria to live as her mother lived.  Jack Warwick has defined this voice as l’appel du Nord, the call of the north.[ii]  The voice Maria hears no doubt resembles the voice her father, Samuel Chapdelaine, also heard when he went north to “make land.”  I should think it is also the voice Menaud is hearing and has always heard.  Menaud is the main character in Savard’s Menaud, maître-draveur (1937).

In Maria Chapdelaine, the voice of Quebec is a mélopée (from the Greek melopoia), a recitative and monotone chant, but in Menaud, l’appel du Nord is at times a tearful lament and, at other times, a visceral and angry scream.  Menaud loves the land he has inherited from his forefathers.  He loves its smell, its voice, its ‘wind in the willows,’ its rugged shape, and the majestic Saguenay River.

So Menaud lives up the Saguenay River, as does Samuel Chapdelaine and as did Savard.  Félix-Antoine Savard, an ordained priest, was born in Quebec City (1896), but he was raised in Chicoutimi and died (1982) in Charlevoix, where he had founded the parish of Clermont.

Photo credit: Wikipedia

Menaud’s Story: the Plot of the Novel

Menaud is, first and foremost, a draveur, or river driver.  All his life he has driven wood down the river dancing atop the wood boxed in so it is transformed into rather fragile rafts.  But Menaud is also an agriculteur, a voyageur, a coureur de(s) bois and a hunter.  A widower, he lives in his grey house with Marie, his daughter, and Joson, a son he will lose to the river, but not the Saguenay.  Joson, Menaud’s son, drowns in the Malbaie (formerly: Murray Bay).

Le Délié: the first Suitor

However, Menaud and his neighbours in Mainsal (main sale means: dirty hand) are also on the verge of losing access to their mountain, a mountain that has provided them with part of their sustenance since the early days of New France.  The mountain has been rented out to Englishmen by le Délié (the unattached).  Lier is to bind, as in to link.

The same Délié has also made plans to marry Marie when winter comes.  He tells  Menaud that, as his father-in-law, he will be allowed to go to the mountain.  Menaud is therefore mourning his son and knows that his daughter plans to marry le Délié. Having lost his son, he is about to lose his daughter.  Finally, he and his people have lost their mountain, not so much to Englishmen as to le Délié‘s greed and lack of respect for his roots.  The mountain did not belong to anyone in particular, but le Délié will be renting it out to make money. We are witnessing faithlessness from within.

Alexis le Lucon: a second suitor

Fortunately, Alexis le Lucon, who has tried to rescue Joson, finds a place in Marie’s heart.  She chases away le Délié and tells Alexis le Lucon that it might be pleasant to live peacefully “here” (icitte):  “Il y a de la bonne terre, avait-elle dit; ce serait plaisant de vivre icitte tranquille !”  (There is good land, she had said, it would be nice to live here quietly.)

“Je n’ai plus que toi” (I have no one left but you)

Then, as her father enters into a delirium bordering on dementia, Marie tells Alexis that she has no one left but him. “Je n’ai plus que toi[,]” (p. 211) and that, if he loves her (avoir de l’amitié [love as it was then called]), he will continue, as did Joson, as did Menaud. “Alors, si tu as de l’amitié  pour moi tu continueras comme Joson, comme mon père !”   He opened his arms and made himself a refuge, she cried for a long time with her head leaning against his face: “Puis, dans le refuge des bras qu’il ouvrait, longtemps elle pleura contre son visage.” (p. 212)

Félix-Antoine Savard (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Félix-Antoine Savard: biographical notes[iii]

Félix-Antoine Savard, OC MSRC (August 31, 1896 – August 24, 1982) was a priest,  a poet, a folklorist and, in 1945, a few years after the publication, in 1937, of Menaud, maître-draveur, he became Professor of Literature at l’Université Laval, in Quebec City, and served as Dean of his Faculty from 1950 to 1957.  He was a member of the Order of Merit of Canada and a member of the Royal Society of Canada.

Menaud, maître-draveur earned Savard a medal from the French Academy, l’Académie française, an honour he richly deserved given his exceptional command of  the French language and proficiency as a writer.  Consequently, Menaud, maître-draveur changed the course of Savard’s life.  He had been a parish priest, but was transformed into an academic and a very productive poet and novelist.  You may wish to see Wikipedia’s entry on Félix-Antoine Savard for a list of his works and a list of his awards.

Although Félix-Antoine Savard was born in Quebec City, his family moved to Chicoutimi, up the majestic Saguenay River and near Lac Saint-Jean.  That is Maria Chapdelaine‘s country, then filled with raftsmen, whom Savard often visited, lumberjacks, coureurs des bois, men like Maria’s François Paradis.  He was also acquainted with men, cultivateurs (farmers), who tilled tirelessly, an inhospitable cultivateurs (farmers).  In other words, Savard knew the people and the region that led Louis Hémon to write his epochal Maria Chapelaine, published in 1914.  Savard’s Menaud, maître-draveur, a novel successfully embedded in Hémon’s poetic Maria Chapdelaine, but further poeticized.

Moreover, as a priest, Father Savard occupied various ecclesiastical positions in Charlevoix and founded a parish in Clermont.  Savard calls Charlevoix, his land, a metaphysical land.  In 1989, it was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.[iv]  You may remember that Du Gua de Monts, under Tonnetuit and Gravé Du Pont, tried to establish a settlement at Tadoussac, now a town located at the confluence of the St Lawrence River and the Saguenay.  Savard died in Charlevoix in 1982, at the age in 1982 at the age of 85.

A Distinct Novel of the Land

Menaud, maître-draveur differs from Patrice Lacombe‘s La Terre paternelle and  Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau‘s Charles Guérin.

First, it is both a novel and a poem.  As a poem, it is a formulaic poème en prose.  It contains a recurring refrain and the refrain is borrowed from the novel’s source, Maria Chapdelaine:  “Nous sommes venus il y a trois cents ans et nous sommes restés.”  (Menaud, p. 31)[v] (We came three hundred years ago and we stayed.)  Menaud has his daughter Marie read passages from Maria Chapdelaine to him and he feels comforted.

Louis Hémon wrote: “Au pays de Québec, rien n’a changé.  Rien ne changera.” (p. 194) (In the land of Quebec, nothing has changed.  Nothing will change.) Louis Hémon also wrote: “Ces gens sont d’une race qui ne sait pas mourir…  Nous sommes un témoignage.” (Maria Chapdelaine, p. 194): “These people belong to a breed that does not know how to die…  We are a testimonial.”

I have translated the word “race” by the word “breed,” which is the word’s meaning in the current context.  A breed of cats is une race de chats.

Second, Menaud is un homme du Nord, a voyageur, a coureur des bois, and, perhaps, an explorer.  He is, at any rate, bigger than life and, therefore a mythic figure.  He has lived dangerously and, by dint of doing so, although he is now an older man, he suddenly feels young again, puts on his snowshoes and starts walking in the in the direction of the Royaume [kingdom] du Saguenay, as that region is often called.  The snow is thick, he gets tired, and he can’t continue.  He takes off his snowshoes and sends Baron, the dog, to fetch help.  Alexis finds him, but Menaud’s legs will no longer take him very far.  So Menaud is not a typical farmer.

But there is a third dimension, a dimension I have introduced: nationalism, but nationalism akin to nostalgia.  But more importantly, there is a French-Canadian, le Délié (the unattached), who has rented the mountain and will collect the rent.  So Menaud, maître-draveur features a new breed of men: the capitalist.  Money is now the motive.  Le Délié is therefore a “vendu,” (a sold man).  Was that mountain for him to rent out?  We are entering a new world in which Menaud’s profound pride in his land and lineage will not be taken into account, no more than ecological issues.  It is the world we live in.

The last words of Savard’s novel are spoken by Alexis: “Ce n’est pas une folie [Menaud’s dementia or madness] comme une autre !  Ça me dit, à moi, que c’est un avertissement.” (It is not just another madness.  What it tells me, what I hear, is a warning.) (p. 231)

Conclusion

I will close my post by quoting the most nationalistic statement contained in Maria Chapdelaine quoting the most nationalistic statement contained in Maria Chapdelaine and repeated in Menaud, maître-draveur.  But I prefer not to comment except to say that “estranged” people are cutting down the rainforest and letting the planet melt.  Not to mention that we can no longer afford to buy the house in which we were brought up.  It’s too expensive:

“Autour de nous des étrangers sont venus, qu’il nous plaît d’appeler des barbares ; ils ont pris presque tout le pouvoir ; ils ont acquis presque tout l’argent ; mais au pays de Québec rien n’a changé.  Rien ne changera.” (Maria Chapdelaine. p. 194; Menaud, maître-draveur, p. 32 and elsewhere.)[vi]  

(Around us, foreigners have come, whom we like to call barbarians! they have taken nearly all the power; they have acquired nearly all the money: but in the land of Quebec nothing has changed. Nothing will change.)

—ooo—

[i] Félix-Antoine Savard, Menaud maître-draveur, (Québec: Librairie Garneau, 1937).  The novel has been translated by Alan Sullivan as Boss/ Master of the River (Toronto, Ryerson Press, 1947).

[ii] Jack Warwick, L’Appel du Nord dans la littérature canadienne-française : essai (Montréal : Hurtubise/HMH, 1972).

[iii] “Canadian literature.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.             <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/91950/Canadian-literature>.

[iv] “As early as 1760, Scottish noblemen Malcolm Fraser and John Nairn hosted visitors at their manors.  For much of its history, Charlevoix was home to a thriving summer colony of wealthy Americans, including President William Howard Taft.” (Wikipedia)

[v] All my quotations are from Félix-Antoine Savard, Menaud, maître-draveur (Montréal & Paris: Fides, 1973[1937]).                           

[vi] Louis Hémon, Maria Chapdelaine (Montréal, Bibliothèque québécoise et Fides, 1990 [1914]).